Degrees of symmetry in quantum field theories

A hierarchy of possible symmetries in quantum field theory is defined, which reaches from a purely mathematical invariance to the conventional physical invariance, including the commonly discussed type of spontaneously broken symmetry (SBS). It is shown that one type of SBS, which is usually not considered, naturally leads to theories with an algebra of non-conserved currents and a non-linearly transforming phenomenological Lagrangian. An exactly solvable model is given and some general remarks are made

A method for accurate measurement of chemical elements concentrations present in total suspended particulates and PM 10 in the atmosphere

In this paper we present an analytic method for theidentification and the quantification of chemical elements in theatmosphere present in TSP and PM10. To the present moment, themethod is applicable to a total of 16 metals. The method was used toanalyze TSP and PM10 samples collected in the city of Canoas, in thegreater Porto Alegre, Brazil. In order to obtain relative measures ofPM10 concentrations, the method was also used to analyze samples from a neutral location. The results were checked against electronicmicroscopy findings, having an excellent agreement. Geologicalanalysis of the electronic microscopy results was used to infer thepollutants source.Apresenta-se um método analítico para a identificação ea quantificação de elementos químicos presentes nas PartículasTotais Suspensas (TSP) na atmosfera e nos particulados PM10. Estemétodo foi aplicado para a quantificação de 16 metais emsuspensão na atmosfera da região de Canoas, RS. Os resultadosforam comparados com as análises de metais presentes naatmosfera do Centro Agrícola da ULBRA, na região de Montenegro(uma área agrícola na qual a direção predominante do ventospossibilita que ela seja considerada como um ponto com mínimapoluição atmosférica) . Usou- se, também, a técnica da microscopiaeletrônica para a comparação dos resultados e para a identificaçãoda origem de várias partículas poluentes

ESTUDO DA CIRCULAÇÃO DOS POLUENTES ENTRE A ATMOSFERA, ÁGUAS E SEDIMENTOS NO ARROIO SAPUCAIA, BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO GUAÍBA, RS E REPASSE PARA MACRÓFITAS AQUÁTICAS MARGINAIS

Neste trabalho foi estudada a qualidade das águas, do ar, de macrófitas aquáticas e sedimentospertencentes a sub-bacia do arroio Sapucaia, um afluente do rio dos Sinos, integrante da bacia hidrográficado lago Guaíba, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas determinações de parâmetros físicoquímicosnas amostras coletadas, bem como a determinação das concentrações dos elementos Al, Cu,Mn e Zn presentes em Partículas Totais em Suspensão na atmosfera. Foi estudada sua correlação como repasse à água, sedimento, macrófitas e peixes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os efeitos dospoluentes variam de acordo com as peculiaridades de cada uma das áreas ao longo do arroio Sapucaiade acordo, evidenciando a interferência antrópica com o ecossistema existente.Palavras-chaves: bacia hidrográfica, partículas atmosféricas e ação antrópica

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised