Lower IgG somatic hypermutation rates during acute dengue virus infection is compatible with a germinal center-independent B cell response

Reads, clonal groups, and lineages numbers per individual and condition. The table shows the number of raw and used sequences as well as the number of clonotypes and lineages per individual. (XLS 30 kb

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Cervical Microbiome and Cytokine Profile at Various Stages of Cervical Cancer: A Pilot Study

<div><p>Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by high-risk human papillomavirus persistence due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment mediated by cytokines. Vaginal microbiota determines the presence of certain cytokines locally. We assessed the association between cervical microbiota diversity and the histopathological diagnosis of each stage of CC, and we evaluated mRNA cervical expression levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β1, TNF-α and IFN-γ across the histopathological diagnosis and specific bacterial clusters. We determined the cervical microbiota by high throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons and classified it in community state types (CST). Mean difference analyses between alpha-diversity and histopathological diagnosis were carried out, as well as a β-diversity analysis within the histological diagnosis. Cervical cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed across the CSTs and the histopathological diagnoses. We found a significant difference in microbiota's diversity in NCL-HPV negative women vs those with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and CC(p = 0.006, p = 0.036).When β-diversity was evaluated, the CC samples showed the highest variation within groups (p<0.0006) and the largest distance compared to NCL-HPV negative ones (p<0.00001). The predominant bacteria in women with normal cytology were <i>L</i>. <i>crispatus</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>iners</i>, whereas for SIL, it was <i>Sneathia spp</i>. and for CC, <i>Fusobacterium spp</i>. We found higher median cervical levels of IL-4 and TGF-β1 mRNA in the CST dominated by <i>Fusobacterium spp</i>. These results suggest that the cervical microbiota may be implicated in cervical cancer pathology. Further cohort studies are needed to validate these findings.</p></div

Additional file 3: of Longitudinal analysis of the peripheral B cell repertoire reveals unique effects of immunization with a new influenza virus strain

Sequencing and repertoire mining metrics with ImmunediveRsity [ 30 ] by vaccination trial and by individual. (XLSX 23 kb

Cervical cytokine mRNA levels normalized to GAPDH, in NCL versus SIL and in NCL versus CC.

<p>(A) IL-4, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-10, (D) TNFα, (E) IFN-γ, (F) TGF-β1. * p value for the Mann-Whitney test (p = 0.04).</p

INF-γ, IL-4, TGF-β1 and IL-10 expression level per sample in community state type CST I, CST IV and CSTVIII and microbiome composition.

<p>Cervical expression level of INF-γ (A), TGF-β1 (B), IL-4 (C) and IL-10 (D) normalized with GAPDH gen. (E) Microbiome composition in relative abundance.</p

Distribution of samples in each community state type (CST).

<p>Distribution of samples in each community state type (CST).</p