Talking about Good and Bad Learners: Linguistic Dimension of Implicit Theories of Intelligence

Abstract Introduction. Implicit theories of intelligence are lay beliefs about whether intelligence i

Esperanza y satisfacción con la vida: probando los roles mediadores de la autoestima en tres culturas asiáticas

The relationship between well-being and the personal strength of hope has been elaborated by the identification of internal (self) and external (family, peers, spiritual) locus-of-hope dimensions. Du, Bernardo, and Yeung (2015) showed that self-esteem (personal and relational) mediates the relationship between locus-of-hope and life satisfaction. Locus-of-hope’s goal-related thoughts involve self-evaluation that may either enhance or diminish self-worth, which then influences life satisfaction. We tested the mediated model in three cultural groups: Malaysians, Macau Chinese, and Filipinos. Participants completed scales measuring locus-of-hope, personal and relational self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Path analysis showed significant indirect effects in all cultures: (a) internal locus-of-hope on life satisfaction, mediated by personal self-esteem, and (b) external-family locus-of-hope on life satisfaction, mediated by relational self-esteem. Other significant indirect effects were found in specific cultural groups. Cross-cultural similarities and differences are discussed with reference to how distinct cultures give different meanings to forms of agency associated with the personal strength of hope, creating distinct pathways towards life satisfaction.

Desmotivación en los estudiantes filipinos de inglés como segundo idioma: exploración de algunos correlatos

The study explores correlates of Filipino students’ reasons for amotivation in learning English as a second language. Students answered questionnaires on reasons for amotivation, approaches to learning, and language use outside school. Results show that amotivation is positively associated with surface learning approaches but negatively associated with deep learning approaches. Frequency of use of English in activities outside school was also associated with dimensions of amotivation. The results indicate how amotivation arises from students’ engagement of their English classes and the importance of English in their life, and can help ESL teachers identify students at risk of amotivation.El estudio explora correlatos de las razones por las que los estudiantes filipinos muestran “desmotivación” al aprender inglés como segundo idioma. Los estudiantes respondieron a cuestionarios sobre la desmotivación, enfoques de aprendizaje, y uso del idioma fuera del ámbito académico. Los resultados muestran que la desmotivación está positivamente asociada con enfoques de aprendizaje superficiales y negativamente con enfoques de aprendizaje profundos. También la frecuencia del uso del inglés en actividades fuera del ámbito académico se asocia con dimensiones de amotivación. Los resultados indican cómo la desmotivación proviene del compromiso de los alumnos en sus clases de inglés y la importancia del inglés en sus vidas, y pueden ayudar a los profesores de Inglés como segunda lengua a identificar a los alumnos en riesgo de desmotivación

Parâmetros biomecânicos derivados da forma da curva do ORA para discriminar olhos normais de ceratocones

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Buffalo, NY) to distinguish between normal and keratoconic eyes, by comparing pressure and waveform signal-derived parameters. METHODS: This retrospective comparative case series study included 112 patients with normal corneas and 41 patients with bilateral keratoconic eyes. One eye from each subject was randomly selected for analysis. Keratoconus diagnosis was based on clinical examinations, including Placido disk-based corneal topography and rotating Scheimpflug corneal tomography. Data from the ORA best waveform score (WS) measurements were extracted using ORA software. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldman-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), cornea-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), and 37 parameters derived from the waveform signal were analyzed. Differences in the distributions among the groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between keratoconic and normal eyes were found in all parameters (p<0.05) except IOPcc and W1. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was greater than 0.85 for 11 parameters, including CH (0.852) and CRF (0.895). The parameters related to the area under the waveform peak during the second and first applanations (p2area and p1area) had the best performances, with AUROCs of 0.939 and 0.929, respectively. The AUROCs for CRF, p2area, and p1area were significantly greater than that for CH. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in biomechanical metrics between normal and keratoconic eyes. Compared with the pressure-derived parameters, corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor, novel waveform-derived ORA parameters provide better identification of keratoconus.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade do Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Buffalo, NY) em discriminar olhos com ceratocone de olhos normais e comparar parâmetros derivados da pressão dos parâmetros derivados da forma da curva. MÉTODOS:Estudo comparativo retrospectivo série de casos que incluiu 112 pacientes com olhos normais e 41 pacientes com ceratocone bilateral. Um olho de cada indivíduo foi randomicamente selecionado para análise. O diagnóstico de ceratocone foi baseado em exame clínico, incluindo topografia de Plácido e tomografia Scheimpflug. Informação do melhor waveform score foi extraída do software do ORA. Histerese corneana (CH), fator de resistência corneana (CRF), pressão intraocular correlacionada com Goldman (IOPg), pressão intraocular compensada pela córnea (IOPcc) e 37 novos parâmetros derivados da forma da curva do sinal do ORA foram analisados. Diferenças nas distribuições dos grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Curvas ROC foram calculadas. RESULTADOS: Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre os olhos normais e ceratocones em todos os parâmetros (p<0,05) salvo IOPcc e W1. A área sob a curva ROC (AUROC) foi maior que 0.85 em 11 parâmetros, incluindo CH (0,852) a CRF (0,895). Os parâmetros relacionados com a área sob o pico da forma de onda durante a segunda e primeira aplanação (p2area e p1area) obtiveram as melhores performances, com AUROCs de 0,939 e 0,929, respectivamente. Os valores de AUROCs do fator de resistência corneana, p2area e p1area foram significativamente maiores que os valores de histerese corneana. CONCLUSÃO: Existem diferenças significantes nas medidas biomecânicas entre olhos normais e com ceratocone. Comparados com os parâmetros derivados da pressão, histerese corneana e fator de resistência corneana, os parâmetros derivados da forma da curva proporcionaram melhor identificação dos ceratocones.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department for OphthalmologyHospital de Olhos de SergipeInstituto de Olhos Renato AmbrósioUNIFESP, Department for OphthalmologySciEL

Science coursework and pedagogical beliefs of science teachers: The case of science teachers in the Philippines.

ABSTRACT: Science coursework is an important element of the pre-service education of science teachers. In this study we test the hypothesis that more science coursework influences pedagogical beliefs of science teachers by studying the pedagogical beliefs of 305 Filipino science teachers. We compared pedagogical beliefs of primary school (less science coursework) versus secondary school (more coursework) science teachers, and also science majors versus non-science majors. Results of the comparisons indicated that more science coursework is related to stronger endorsement of the belief that teaching involves providing support for learning, and to weaker endorsement of the belief that learning is limited by ability and by cultural beliefs. The results are discussed in terms of strong science content knowledge providing the anchors for reflecting on their teaching

Técnica para diagnosticar o ceratocone

PURPOSE: To test whether corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) can discriminate between keratoconus and normal eyes and to evaluate whether the averages of two consecutive measurements perform differently from the one with the best waveform score (WS) for diagnosing keratoconus. METHODS: ORA measurements for one eye per individual were selected randomly from 53 normal patients and from 27 patients with keratoconus. Two groups were considered the average (CH-Avg, CRF-Avg) and best waveform score (CH-WS, CRF-WS) groups. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to evaluate whether the variables had similar distributions in the Normal and Keratoconus groups. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated for each parameter to assess the efficacy for diagnosing keratoconus and the same obtained for each variable were compared pairwise using the Hanley-McNeil test. RESULTS: The CH-Avg, CRF-Avg, CH-WS and CRF-WS differed significantly between the normal and keratoconus groups (p<0.001). The areas under the ROC curve (AUROC) for CH-Avg, CRF-Avg, CH-WS, and CRF-WS were 0.824, 0.873, 0.891, and 0.931, respectively. CH-WS and CRF-WS had significantly better AUROCs than CH-Avg and CRF-Avg, respectively (p=0.001 and 0.002). CONCLUSION: The analysis of the biomechanical properties of the cornea through the ORA method has proved to be an important aid in the diagnosis of keratoconus, regardless of the method used. The best waveform score (WS) measurements were superior to the average of consecutive ORA measurements for diagnosing keratoconus.OBJETIVO: Testar se a histerese corneana (CH) e o fator de resistência corneano (CRF) podem discriminar olhos com ceratocone e avaliar se a média de duas medidas consecutivas apresenta desempenho diferente da medida única com a melhor waveform score para diagnósticar o ceratocone. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas medidas do ORA de um olho por indivíduo, selecionados aleatoriamente a partir de 53 pacientes normais e de 27 pacientes com ceratocone. Dois grupos foram considerados: a média (CH-médio, o CRF-médio) e melhor waveform score (CH-WS, CRF-WS). O teste de Mann-Whitney U-teste foi utilizado para avaliar se as variáveis apresentaram distribuições semelhantes entre os grupos. As curvas (ROC) foram calculadas para cada parâmetro para avaliar eficácia no diagnóstico e as obtidas para cada variável foram comparadas usando o teste de Hanley-McNeil. RESULTADOS: CH-médio, CRF-médio, CH-WS e CRF-WS diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (p<0,001). Já as áreas sob a curva ROC para CH-médio, CRF-médio, CH-WS, e CRF-WS foram 0,824, 0,873, 0,891, 0,931, respectivamente. CH-WS e CRF-WS obtiveram AUROCs significativamente melhores do que CH-médio e CRF-médio (p=0,001 e 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: A análise das propriedades biomecânicas da córnea através do ORA demonstrou ser um método auxiliar importante no diagnóstico de ceratocone, independente do método utilizado. As melhores medidas waveform score foram superiores à média das medições consecutivas para o diagnóstico de ceratocone.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department for ophthalmologyHospital de Olhos de SergipeRio de Janeiro Corneal Tomography and Biomechanics Study GroupInstituto de Olhos Renato AmbrósioUNIFESP, Department for ophthalmologySciEL

Policulturalismo: percebendo as conexões dinâmicas entre culturas e suas implicações sobre as atitudes interculturais na Colômbia

In our increasingly globalized world, we are more exposed to diverse people and cultures than ever before, making lay belief systems about cross-culturalinfluences as well as consequences of those beliefs for intercultural attitudes important to study. Over the past decade, there has been increasing immigration to Colombia, making it a particularly important place in which to understand people’s attitudes and intentions toward individuals from other countries. We previously found in the Philippines and the us that endorsement of polyculturalism —the belief that different racial and ethnic groups influence and are connected to each other— is associated to a range of positive intergroup attitudes. In the current research, we have built on  these past findings to contribute to our understanding of intercultural dynamics in Latin America, exploring polyculturalism in a cross-sectional survey study with 423 adults born and living in Colombia. We found that endorsement of polyculturalism was associated to more positive attitudes toward people from other countries and greater friendship intentions toward immigrants from other countries moving to Colombia, while controlling for social dominance orientation, national identification, and feelings toward the self. We also found that there were mean differences in people’s attitudes and friendship intentions toward people from different countries, based on type and level of cultural influence. But, type of country, social dominance orientation, and national identification did not moderate associations of polyculturalism with attitudes and friendship intentions, which suggests that these associations are consistent.Future directions and implications of polyculturalism for understanding intergroup relations around the world are discussed.Keywords: Colombia, diversity, globalization, immigrants,intercultural attitudes, intergroup relations, polyculturalism.En un mundo cada vez más globalizado, estamos cada vez más expuestos a personas y culturas diversas. De ahí la importancia de investigar los sistemas de creencias existentes sobre las influencias transculturales y sus consecuencias. El aumento reciente de la migración hace de Colombia un lugar particularmente interesante para el estudio de las actitudes e intenciones hacia individuos de otras culturas. Hallazgos previos en las Filipinas y Estados Unidos sugieren que la creencia en el policulturalismo —en que los diferentes grupos étnicos y raciales están conectados y se influencian mutuamente— está asociada con una variedad de actitudes positivas. Esta investigación construye sobre estos hallazgos y contribuye a la comprensión de las dinámicas con una variedad intercultural en América Latina, explorando sobre policulturalismo en un estudio transversal que incluyó 423 habitantes nativos colombianos. Encontramos que, controlando la orientación a la dominancia social, la identificación nacional, y la autoestima, la creencia en el policulturalismo está asociada a actitudes más positivas e intención de amistad hacia inmigrantes de otros países a Colombia. También encontramos diferencias significativas en las actitudes e intenciones de amistad hacia personas de diferentes países, dependiendo del tipo y nivel de influencia cultural. No encontramos evidencia de moderación de las asociaciones entre policulturalismo y actitudes e intenciones de amistad, por parte de las variables tipo de país, orientación a la dominancia social e identificación nacional, lo cual sugiere la consistencia de estas asociaciones. Finalmente discutimos las  implicaciones de estos hallazgos sobre el papel del policulturalismo en la comprensión de las relaciones intergrupales en el mundo.Palabras clave: Colombia, diversidad, globalización, inmigrantes, actitudes interculturales, relaciones intergrupales, policulturalismo.No mundo cada vez mais globalizado, estamos cada vez mais expostos a pessoas e culturas diversas. Daí a importância de investigar os sistemas de crenças existentes sobre as influências transculturais e suas consequências. O aumento recente da migração faz da Colômbia um lugar particularmente  interessante para o estudo das atitudes e intenções para indivíduos de outras culturas. Resultados prévios nas Filipinas e os Estados Unidos sugerem que a crença no policulturalismo –em que os diferentes grupos étnicos e raciais estão conectados e se influenciam mutuamente– está associada com variedade de  atitudes positivas. Esta pesquisa, constrói sobre estes resultados e contribui àcompreensão das dinâmicas interculturais na América Latina, explorando sobre policulturalismo em um estudo transversal que incluiu 423 habitantes nativoscolombianos. Encontramos que, controlando a orientação à dominância social, a identificação nacional, e a autoestima, a crença no policulturalismo está associada a atitudes mais positivas e intenção de Amizade a imigrantes de outros países à Colômbia. Também encontramos diferenças significativas nas atitudes e intenções de amizade a pessoas de diferentes países dependendo do tipo e nível de influência cultural. Não encontramos evidência de moderação das associações entre policulturalismo e atitudes e intenções de amizade, por parte das variáveis tipo de país, orientação à dominância social e identificação nacional o qual sugere a consistência destas associações. Finalmente discutimos as implicações destes resultados sobre o papel do policulturalismo na compreensão das relações intergrupais no mundo. Palavras-chave: Colômbia, diversidade, globalização, imigrantes, atitudes interculturais, relações intergrupais, policulturalismo

Addressing the Poor Science Performance of Filipino Learners: Beyond Curricular and Instructional Interventions

The Philippines performed abysmally in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 science literacy assessment: only 22% of the 7,233 15-year-old Filipino students who participated in PISA achieved the minimum level of competency (Level 2) in science literacy (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2019). This performance in the science assessment places the Philippines near the bottom of the 79 countries and economies that participated in PISA 2018. In a study that used a machine learning approach, we identified 15 variables that identified the poor-performing students in science literacy. These variables can be grouped into four clusters, namely, metacognitive reading strategies, classroom and school experiences, students’ affect and motivation, and their family experiences and learning resources at home. Based on these results, we suggest a number of interventions that can address these non-cognitive variables that predict poor performance in science literacy