Estados Unidos y la reforma agraria italiana (1947-1953).

El artículo reconstruye la política de Estados Unidos respecto a la reforma agraria adoptada en Italia por el Gobierno de De Gasperi a partir de 1950. El Gobierno estadounidense siguió atentamente las discusiones relativas a la reforma agraria y financió con el Plan Marshall, lanzado en 1947, muchos proyectos de colonización relativos a la transformación de la agricultura italiana. En el artículo se presentan en primer lugar algunas figuras de la administración Truman vinculadas al Plan Marshall; se analizan después la política exterior americana hacia Italia en el sector primario y la posición de los Estados Unidos frente a la reforma agraria y las luchas campesinas, sobre todo en Calabria; finalmente, se presentan los resultados de algunos estudios realizados por analistas estadounidenses sobre los efectos políticos de la reforma en las elecciones de 1952 y 1953.This article reconstructs the American policy regarding the Italian Agrarian Reform, launched by the De Gasperi government from 1950 onwards. The USA government carefully followed the political and technical discussions related to the agrarian reform and financed through the Marshall Plan, after 1947, many land reclamation projects related to the transformation of the Italian agriculture. In the article’s first part, some protagonists of the Truman administration involved in Marshall Plan are introduced. In the second place, the American foreign policy towards Italy in the primary sector and the position of USA regarding the agrarian reform and the peasant struggles, especially in Calabria, are analyzed. Finally, the article describes the results of some studies, written by American officers, on the political effects of the reform in the elections of 1952 and the 1953

Real rank boundaries and loci of forms

In this article we study forbidden loci and typical ranks of forms with respect to the embeddings of $\mathbb P^1\times \mathbb P^1$ given by the line bundles $(2,2d)$. We introduce the Ranestad-Schreyer locus corresponding to supports of non-reduced apolar schemes. We show that, in those cases, this is contained in the forbidden locus. Furthermore, for these embeddings, we give a component of the real rank boundary, the hypersurface dividing the minimal typical rank from higher ones. These results generalize to a class of embeddings of $\mathbb P^n\times \mathbb P^1$. Finally, in connection with real rank boundaries, we give a new interpretation of the $2\times n \times n$ hyperdeterminant.Comment: 17 p

Microbiological Evaluation of Carcasses of Wild Boar Hunted in a Hill Area of Northern Italy

This study evaluated the prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria (mainly Campylobacter spp., but also Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella) in wild boar (S us scrofa) and the hygiene of carcasses of wild boar hunted in a hill area of northern Italy during a hunting season (October to December). In total, 62 animals were submitted to microbiological analyses of the tonsils (detection of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes), caecal content (detection of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.), mesenteric lymph glands (detection of Salmonella), and carcasses. In addition to analyzing pathogen prevalence and carcass hygiene of these animals, we performed an enumeration of total viable count (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. Influencing factors considered were sex, weight, and age of the animals and environmental temperature on the day of hunting. A high prevalence was observed for L. monocytogenes in tonsils (35.3%) and for Campylobacter spp. in caecal content (51.8%), whereas Salmonella enterica strains (mainly serovar Thompson) were only occasionally isolated (7% in caecal content and 3.5% in lymph glands). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was influenced by animal age and environmental temperature. Campylobacter spp. were the only pathogens detected on the carcasses (16.7%). Carcasses were characterized by low levels of contamination: TVC, 3.21 ± 0.80 log CFU/cm2, Enterobacteriaceae, 1.32 ± 0.89 log CFU/cm2; E. coli, 1.31 ± 0.93 log CFU/cm2; and occasional detection of low counts of staphylococci and clostridia. TVC was positively influenced only by high environmental temperature, and higher Enterobacteriaceae counts were detected on heavy male carcasses than on females. The results confirmed the potential role of wild boars as reservoirs for the most important foodborne pathogens. But a low carcass contamination level is achievable if hunters are properly trained about hygienic carcass management and slaughtering procedures

Geometric conditions for strict submultiplicativity of rank and border rank

The $X$-rank of a point $p$ in projective space is the minimal number of points of an algebraic variety $X$ whose linear span contains $p$. This notion is naturally submultiplicative under tensor product. We study geometric conditions that guarantee strict submultiplicativity. We prove that in the case of points of rank two, strict submultiplicativity is entirely characterized in terms of the trisecant lines to the variety. Moreover, we focus on the case of curves: we prove that for curves embedded in an even-dimensional projective space, there are always points for which strict submultiplicativity occurs, with the only exception of rational normal curves.Comment: 21 page

Assessment of Exercise Stroke Volume and Its Prediction From Oxygen Pulse in Paralympic Athletes With Locomotor Impairments: Cardiac Long-Term Adaptations Are Possible

The determinants of cardiac output (CO) during exercise, i.e., stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR), could differ in Paralympic athletes (PAthl) with spinal cord injury (SCI) with respect to PAthl with locomotor impairments caused by different health conditions (HCs). The purposes of the present study were the comparisons of two groups of PAthl, one with SCI and the other with either amputation (AMP) or post poliomyelitis syndrome (PM), assessing the (1) peak cardiorespiratory responses and determinants (SV and HR) of CO during maximal and submaximal arm cranking exercise (ACE), respectively; (2) correlations between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the highest SV obtained during submaximal exercise; and (3) correlations between oxygen pulse (O-2 pulse, ratio between VO2 and HR) and both SV and O-2 arterio-venous difference [(a-v)O(2)diff]. Each athlete (19 PAthl with SCI, 9 with AMP, and 5 with PM) completed a continuous incremental cardiopulmonary ACE test to volitional fatigue to assess peak responses. In a different session, CO was indirectly measured through carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing method at sub-maximal exercise intensities approximating 30, 50, and 70% of the VO2peak. There were no significant differences between the PAthl groups in age, anthropometry, and VO2peak. However, peak HR was significantly lower, and peak O-2 pulse was significantly higher in PAthl with AMP/PM compared to those with SCI. During sub-maximal exercise, PAthl with AMP/PM displayed significantly higher SV values (154.8 +/- 17.60 ml) than PAthl with SCI (117.1 +/- 24.66 ml). SV correlated significantly with VO2peak in both PAthl with SCI (R-2 = 0.796) and AMP/PM (R-2 = 0.824). O-2 pulse correlated significantly with SV in both PAthl with SCI (R-2 = 0.888) and AMP/PM (R-2 = 0.932) and in the overall sample (R-2 = 0.896). No significant correlations were observed between O-2 pulse and (a-v)O(2)diff. It was concluded that in PAthl with different HCs: (1) significant differences, as a consequence of the different HC, exist in the determinants of CO at maximal and submaximal ACE; (2) SV is a significant determinant of VO2peak, suggesting cardiac adaptations possible also in PAthl with SCI; and (3) SV can be predicted from O-2 pulse measurements during submaximal exercise in both groups of PAthl