ANALISIS FAKTOR RESIKO KEJADIAN DEMAM TIFOID PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT ADVENT MANADO TAHUN 2016

Demam tifoid masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang penting di berbagai Negara sedang berkembang. Penyakit ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan sanitasi lingkungan seperti hygiene perorangan, kebersihan lingkungan dan tempat umum juga perilaku hidup sehat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor risiko kejadian demam tifoid pada pasien rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analytical survey dengan desain kasus kontrol (case control). Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado pada bulan November – Desember 2016. Sampel untuk kelompok kasus adalah pasien yang positif menderita demam tifoid berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, sejumlah 50 penderita dan kelompok kontrol 50 responden bukan penderita, dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah higiene perorangan dan sanitasi lingkungan, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah kejadian demam tifoid. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square (CI=95%, α=0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan pvalue sebesar 0,241, terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan makan di luar rumah dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan nilai pvalue sebesar 0,000 dan nilai odds ratio (OR)=13,500 (CI(95%)=2,930-62,209), tidak ada hubungan antara sarana air bersih untuk dikonsumsi dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,413, tidak adanya hubungan antara ketersedian saranapembuangan tinja dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan p value sebesar 0,287.Kata Kunci: Demam Tifoid, Higiene Perorangan, Sanitasi LingkunganABSTRACTTyphoid fever is still an important health problem in various developing countries. This disease is closely associated with environmental sanitation such as individual hygiene, environmental hygiene and public places also the behavior of healthy living. The purpose of this research is to analyze the risk factors of the incidence of typhoid fever in patients of inpatient care in Manado Adventist Hospital on 2016. This research is a survey of analytical research to the design of the control case. The study was conducted at Adventist Manado Hospital in November - December 2016. The study was conducted at Advent Manado Hospital in November - December 2016. Samples for case group were positive patients suffering from typhoid symptoms based on laboratory examination 50 patients and control group of 50 respondents who were not sufferers, with simple random sampling method. Data collection using questionnaire. Independent variables in this study is the personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, while dependent variable is the incidence of typhoid fever. Bivariate analysis using chi square test (CI = 95%, α = 0,05). The results showed that there is no relationship between the habit of washing hands before eating with the incidence of typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with a p value of 0.241, there is a relationship between eating habits outside the house with the incidence of typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with the highest p value 0.000 and values of the odds ratio (OR) = 13,500 (CI (95%) = 2,930-62,209), there is no relationship between the availability of fecal disposal facilities with typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with a p value of 0.287.Keywords: Typhoid Fever, Personal Hygiene, Environmental Sanitatio

Perbandingan Deteksi Blastocystis Hominis Dengan Pemeriksaan Mikroskopis Dan Pemeriksaan Copro Elisa

: Blastocystis hominis is a frequent intestinal protozoa found in human digestive tract that causes Blastocystosis disease. The prevalence of B. hominis was reported in Indonesia about 60%. Blastocystis pose considerable challenges for diagnostic laboratories. Microscopic examination is a "gold standard" for detecting B. hominis but it is still difficult in some common laboratories, thus an alternative method is necessary. Another alternative examination to detect B. hominis is ELISA by detecting Blastocystis antigen in feces. This study aimed to compare the detection of Blastocystis hominis with microscopic examination and copro ELISA. This was an analytic diagnostic test. The population of this study was children who suffered from diarrhea. Samples were 33 stools of children suspected of having B. hominis. The results showed that from 33 samples through microscopic examination, positive results obtained 12 samples (36.4%) and 21 negative samples (63.6%). Meanwhile, through copro ELISA positive results obtained in 13 samples (39.4%) and 20 negative samples (60.6%). After diagnostic test, sensitivity values obtained 100%, specificity 95%, positive predictive value 92%, and negative predictive value of 100%. By using the Chi- square test with α 5% (0.05) then the microscopic value p = 0.117 > 0.05 and copro ELISA p = 0.223 > 0.05. It can be interpreted that there is no significant difference in the detection of Blastocystis hominis with microscopic examination and copro ELISA

Deteksi Blastocystis Spp Pada Tinja Anak Penderita Diare Dengan Menggunakan Metode Copro Elisa

: Diarrhea is one of the main cause of infant mortality in developing countries. Blastocystis spp can cause acute infection as well as manifest as chronic diarrhea in infants due to damaged intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to detect Blastocystis spp in the feces of children with diarrhea. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Population consisted of all feces of children suffering from diarrhea. There were 33 samples in this study examined with the copro Elisa test. The results showed that of the 33 samples there were 60.6% of negative criteria and 39.4% of positive criteria. The highest percentage age group with diarrhea was ≤1 year of age (48.5%), while the lowest one was age group of 5-9 years (9.1%). Male sex was the dominant one. Conclusion: Most of the faeces of children with diarrhea belonged to the negative criteria tested with Copro Elisa

Hubungan Kepadatan Tungau Debu Rumah Dengan Derajat Rinitis Alergi

: Alergic Rhinitis (AR)is a global health burden and a big problem that can cause disability all over the world. AR prevalence in Asia today has increase approximately 45%, and occurs in poorest and develop country. House Dust Mite (HDM) can cause AR. That's because HDM is prime allergen that live in dust and grow optimaly in 25-30ºC with humidty above 60%. 100-500 HDM expose is a risk factor for development allergic reaction. This study aimed to know the relationship between the density of HDM with the degree of AR. This was an observational-analitic study with a cross-sectional design. The results showed that the average of HDM in bedroom is 192, and 376 in lounge. There were 17 people that affect AR Intermittent and 13 people that affect AR persistent. For mild symptoms there are 25 people and for moderat-severe symptoms there are 5 people. Conclusion:There is no relationship about density of HDM with the degree of AR

Hubungan Kadar Tumor Necrosis Factor – Α Dengan Densitas Plasmodium Pada Penderita Malaria

: Malaria is a parasitic infection that attacks the erythrocytes. This disease remains a global health problem, especially in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics. Symptomatic malaria infection include fever, chills, anemia and splenomegaly. Malaria infection can progress without any complications but can also develop systemic complications known as severe malaria. The cause of malaria is plasmodium infection, Plasmodium in humans infected erythrocytes (red blood cells) and asexual breeding experience in liver tissue and erythrocytes. In this research, the microscopic examination of blood samples for counting malaria parasites in the blood and then measured the levels of TNF-α by ELISA. This analytical study using 40 samples taken by simple random sampling. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of TNF-α levels plasmodium with. Conclusions: There were significant correlation between the levels of TNF-α with a density of plasmodium malaria in blood samples

Perbandingan Deteksi Plasmodium Falciparum Dengan Metode Pemeriksaan Mikroskopik Dan Teknik Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

: Plasmodium falciparum is one of the species of parasites causing tropical malaria disease. Plasmodium falciparum was reported as often being the major source of pain and even death in most cases. The data released by WHO shows that, globally, 198 millions of malaria cases occurred in 2013 with 548 thousands as cause of death. Microscopic examination is a gold standard for detecting Plasmodium falciparum. Although this method has certain limitations in diagnosing complication infection, phases of parasitemia, and also the capability of laboratory\u27s medical staff factor. Nowadays, there has been innovation in biomolecular department, that is examination using PCR which can accurately detect the plasmodium, due to the DNA amplification. This method however, has not often used by doctors in diagnose malaria disease. The aim of this research is to determine the comparison of malaria detection using microscopic verification of plasmodium falciparum with real-time PCR verification. The method used in this research is diagnostic with 35 blood samples of patient suffering malaria disease. The blood samples from patient\u27s vena were then divided into thick and thin microscopic sample, and some were putted into EDTA tube for DNA extraction in the laboratory using real-time PCR verification. The result of this research shown that sensitivity and specificity rate of PCR is 100% accurate. Conclusion: detection result of plasmodium falciparum using real-time PCR verification produced equal result as microscopic verification

Jenis Dan Kepadatan Tungau Debu Rumah Di Kelurahan Kleak Kecamatan Malalayang Kota Manado

: House dust mites in house dust have cosmopolitan distribution. House mites live from eating the remaining cask of human skin scale and grow in a humid environment. Mites are commonly found in beds, carpets, and clothes. This study was aimed to obtain the types and density of dust mites in Kelurahan Kleak Kecamatan Malalayang Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional study conducted from October to January 2015. Samples of dust were collected from bed, bedroom floor, and sofa in residential houses by using technique simple random sampling. The results showed that there were 5 dust mite samples from Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae, Acaridae, Cheyletidae, and Chortoglyphidae families. Density of house dust mites was 199 mites/13.46 g of dust. The most dominant type of dust mites was the Glycyphagidae family and the highest percentage of its population was in the bedroom floor meanwhile the most dominant population in bed was the Pyroglyphidae family. Conclusion: There were 5 dust mite families- Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae, Acaridae, Cheyletidae, and Chortoglyphidae with the density of 199 mites/13.46 g of dust. The most frequently found mites was the Glycyphagidae family

Perbandingan Deteksi Plasmodium Spp. Dengan Cara Pemeriksaan Rapid Diagnostic Test Dan Pemeriksaan Mikroskopik

: Malaria is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa Plasmodium genus that may affect any people residing in its reproductive area. WHO has recommended quick parasite detection methods based on microscopic examination and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) to all patients suspected of malaria before any antimalaria drug was prescribed. This study aimed to compare plasmodium spp. detection methods by using RDT and microscopic examination as the gold standard. The results of comparing RDT to microscopic examination showed 90.47% sensitivity, 100% specifity, 100% positive predictive value, and 87.5% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Rapid Diagnostic Test could detect malaria plasmodium almost the same as microscopic examination, and could be practically used as an alternative to confirm the diagnosis of malaria