13 research outputs found

    ACTIVACIÓN DE GENES DE DEFENSA EN PLANTAS DE TOMATE DE MESA Lycopersicum Esculentum L., A TRAVÉS DE LA APLICACIÓN DE SUSTANCIAS QUÍMICAS Y NATURALES

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    Lycopersicum esculentum L. es una planta cuyo cultivo en el país, tanto a cielo abierto como en invernadero, está sujeto a la utilización de agroquímicos para que sea económicamente rentable, puesto que se ve afectado por una gran variedad de plagas y condiciones ambientales adversas. El consumo de tomate de mesa se encuentra muy difundido en nuestro país debido a su sabor, bajo contenido calórico y propiedades antioxidantes. Para luchar contra las enfermedades de las plantas, se han aplicado una gran variedad de sustancias; cabe señalar que el uso ancestral de extractos vegetales ha sido reemplazado por la utilización de sustancias químicas en grandes extensiones de cultivos. Para el presente trabajo, se escogieron tres genes WRKY, que codifican como factores de transcripción, y que presentan mayores niveles de expresión en las hojas de tomate. Se evaluó la activación de los genes SlWRKY 8, SlWRKY 23 y SlWRKY 39, una vez transcurridas 24 y 48 horas de la aplicación tanto de una sustancia de origen vegetal como extracto (T 1), de una sustancia química (T 2) y de un fungicida de venta comercial (T 3). Las plantas de tomate de mesa fueron cultivadas bajo condiciones controladas. Una vez aplicados los tratamientos, se procedió a la extracción del ARN, se utilizó PCR en tiempo real y cuantificación relativa para el análisis de la expresión de los genes citados. Con los resultados obtenidos, se realizó el análisis estadístico ANOVA y la prueba HSD de Tukey para discriminar la efectividad de los tratamientos. De los genes WRKY analizados, únicamente SlWRKY 23 se activa alcanzando un valor Fold Change de 4 a las 24 horas con el tratamiento de agroquímico. Estos resultados informan la expresión de genes de defensa inducidos por sustancias con acción biocida y la posibilidad de caracterizar otras sustancias que puedan producir esta activación sobre plantas de tomate. // Lycopersicum esculentum L. is a plant whose cultivation in the country—both open and greenhouse cultivation—is subject to the use of agrochemicals to make it economically viable, since it is affected by a great variety of pests and adverse environmental conditions. Tomato consumption is widespread in our country because of its taste, for being low in calories, and its antioxidant properties. A diversity of substances has been used to control plant illnesses, it is worth mentioning that ancestrally the use of vegetable extracts has been replaced by the use of chemicals in large extensions of crops. For this work, three WRKY genes were chosen, which act as transcription factors, and have higher expression levels in tomato leaves. Gene activation of SlWRKY 8, SlWRKY 23 y SlWRKY 39 was assessed 24 and 48 hours after the application of: substances of plant origin (T 1), electrolytic chemical (T 2) and a commercial fungicide (T 3). The tomato plants were grown under controlled laboratory conditions. Once the treatments were applied, RNA was extracted, real time PCR was performed and also, relative quantification was used to analyze the expression of the aforementioned genes. These results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test to discriminate the effectiveness of each treatment. From the analyzed WRKY genes, only SlWRKY 23 showed and activation reaching a Fold Change value of 4 at 24 hours with the agrochemical treatment. These results provide evidence for the expression of induced defensive genes by substances of biocide activity and the possibility to characterize other substances that may cause this activation in tomato plants

    Audience reactions to the program notes of unfamiliar music

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    Many classical music listeners attend concerts with some knowledge of the music to be performed, especially when the repertoire is familiar and comes from the Western music canon. In the case of music that is new to the listener and/or sung in an unfamiliar language, program notes may provide essential information; however, there is little understanding of what information should be provided or the impact of this information on the listener. This article presents the findings of practice-led research that sought to determine the types and modes of information that might enhance the experiences of both listeners and performers. Listeners (n = 29) attended a performance of unfamiliar music. The music was performed twice, with program notes shared only after the first performance. All respondents listened differently to the music once they had been given the program notes. Only 39% of listeners reported that the program notes had had a positive impact on their listening experience. More experienced listeners were far more likely to reject the program note information in favour of their own interpretation particularly if they had experiences of music-making
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