Water Conduction in Apple Trees Affected with Crown Gall

In an investigation of the effect of crown gall on apples caused by Bacterium tumefaciens, a study was made of water conduction in galled and healthy trees. The comparative rate of flow through galled and healthy apple specimens was determined by means of a U tube manomete

De mormonen: groei en transformatie

ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Milieueffecten van diervoeders

Life Cycle Analysis is used to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, energy and land use of feed ingredients for cattle, pigs and poultry. Economic developments are explored and mitigation options are calculate

Experimental evaluation of the stability and mechanical behavior of contacts in Silicon Carbide for the design of the basic angle monitoring system of GAIA

The satellite GAIA will be launched in ca. 2010 to make a 3-D map of our Galaxy. The payload module of the satellite will carry two astrometric telescopes amongst other instrumentation. The optical bench and astrometric telescopes will be constructed for a large part in Silicon Carbide (SiC). A truss structure concept design was developed, which could serve as optical bench for the scientific instrumentation of GAIA. It is lightweight and has a first eigenfrequency of 80 Hz. Also a concept design has been developed for the Basic Angle Monitoring (BAM) system of GAIA, which will measure 1 micro-arcsecond (ƒÝas) variations of the angle between the lines-of-sight of the two telescopes. For the design of these systems, contact mechanics is an important issue and therefore experiments have been conducted to obtain practical experience of the contact behaviour of SiC. This knowledge will be used in our project for a design of the BAM system. These experiments consist of friction experiments and experiments in which SiC tubes are bonded with several techniques like bolting, brazing and gluing

Scenarios as the basis for assessment of mitigation and adaptation

The possibilities and need for adaptation and mitigation depends on uncertain future developments with respect to socio-economic factors and the climate system. Scenarios are used to explore the impacts of different strategies under uncertainty. In this chapter, some scenarios are presented that are used in the ADAM project for this purpose. One scenario explores developments with no mitigation, and thus with high temperature increase and high reliance on adaptation (leading to 4oC increase by 2100 compared to pre-industrial levels). A second scenario explores an ambitious mitigation strategy (leading to 2oC increase by 2100 compared to pre-industrial levels). In the latter scenario, stringent mitigation strategies effectively reduces the risks of climate change, but based on uncertainties in the climate system a temperature increase of 3oC or more cannot be excluded. The analysis shows that, in many cases, adaptation and mitigation are not trade-offs but supplements. For example, the number of people exposed to increased water resource stress due to climate change can be substantially reduced in the mitigation scenario, but even then adaptation will be required for the remaining large numbers of people exposed to increased stress. Another example is sea level rise, for which adaptation is more cost-effective than mitigation, but mitigation can help reduce damages and the cost of adaptation. For agriculture, finally, only the scenario based on a combination of adaptation and mitigation is able to avoid serious climate change impacts