Kosova'da 11-17 yaş öğrencilerin fiziksel ve biyomotorik gelişmelerinin değerlendirmesinde norm değerlerin belirlenmesi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü TEZlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, Kosova'da 11-17 yaş öğrencilerin fiziksel ve biyomotorik özelliklerine ait norm değerlerin yaş ve cinsiyete göre belirlenmesi, dünya sağlık örgütü verileri ve diğer ülkelere ait literatür bilgisi ile karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya yedi coğrafi bölgede 30 şehirden oluşan Kosova'da öğrenim gören yaklaşık 300 bin öğrenci arasından, eğitimden kaçınabilecek akut veya kronik her hangi bir hastalığı olmayan 347'si kız 395'i erkek olmak üzere toplam 742 gönüllü Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Okul Müdürleri ve velilerin desteğinden izin alındıktan sonra çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya Eurofit test bataryasında yer alan Boy Uzunluğu (BU), Ağırlık (VA), Beden Kitle İndeksi (BKİ), Flamingo Denge Testi (FDT), Disklere Dokunma Testi (DDT), Otur Eriş Testi (OET), Durarak Uzun Atlama (DUA), El Kavrama Kuvveti (EKK), 30 Saniyede Maksimal Mekik Testi (30sMMT), Bükülü Kolla Asılma Testi (BKA), 10 x 5 Metre Mekik Koşusu Testi (10x5mMK), 20 Metre Dayanıklık Mekik Koşusu Testi (20mDT) testleri dâhil edilmiştir. Eurofit Fiziksel Uygunluk Test Bataryası ile birlikte Vücut yağ yüzdesi (VYY), Mekik Testi (MT), Kasada Ters Mekik Testi (TM), Öne sağlık topu fırlatma testi (STF), Şınav testi (ŞT), Skuat sıçrama (SS), Dikey sıçrama (DS), Ortalama Anaerobik güç (OANG), Maksimal Anaerobik güç (MANG), 30 Metre Sürat Koşusu Testi (30mSK), Maksimal Oksijen Kullanım kapasitesi (VO2max) testleri de dâhil edilmiştir. Norm değerlerde yüzdeliklerin belirlenmesi amacıyla; Kanada standardı olarak kabul edilen aşağıda belirtilen yüzdelik değerler kullanılmıştır. %20'lik değerlerin altındaki skorlar "çok düşük", %21-40 aralık arasındaki değerler "düşük", %41-60 aralık arasındaki değerler "normal", %61-80 aralık arasındaki değerler "yüksek", %81'in üzerindeki değerler "çok yüksek" olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Her bir test sonucuna ait değerler, Kanada standardı olarak kabul edilen, %20'lik guruplar ile cinsiyet ve yaşa göre norm değerler halinde verilmiştir. Kosova'da yaşayan çocukların fiziksel ve biyomotorik özelliklerine ait veriler dünya sağlık örgütü verileri ve diğer ülkelere ait literatür bilgisi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ülkelere göre bakıldıgında Kosova'da yaşayan çocuklar diğer ülkelerde yaşayan aynı yaştaki çocuklara göre boy uzunluğu, vücut yağ yüzdesi gibi antropometrik ve kolların hareket etme sürati gibi kalıtsal özelliklerden daha çok etkilenen testlerde daha yüksek performans gösterirken, dayanıklık, uzun atlama ve esneklik gibi yaşam tarzı ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyinden daha çok etkilenen testlerde daha düşük performansa sahip olmuşlardır.In the present study, the purpose was to determine the norm values in the evaluation of physical and bio-motoric developments in 11-17-year-old children in Kosovo. 742 students who were selected according to the Random Sampling Method from 24 schools determined in the cities and rural areas in all regions were included in the study (n = 347 girls, n = 395 boys). Volunteering students who did not have any acute or chronic disease that might avoid testing were included in the study after the permissions were received from the Ministry of National Education, Principals of the Schools, and the parents. The declarations of Helsinki were taken into consideration in the study. The Height (L), Weight (W), Body Mass Index (BMI), Flamingo Balance (FLB), Plate Tapping (PLT), Sit and Reach (SAR), Standing Broad Jump (SBJ), Hand Grip (HGR), 30-sec Sit Up (SUP), Bent Arm Hang (BAH), Shuttle Run 10x5 meters (SHR), 20 m Shuttle Run (ESHR) tests, which were included in the Eurofit Test Battery, were also included in the present study. In addition to the Eurofit Physical Fitness Test Battery, the Body Fat Percentage (BF%), Sit Up (SUP), Arch Up Test (AUT), Standing Medicine Ball Throw (MBTH), Push-up (PU), Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Average Anaerobic Power (AAP), Maximal Anaerobic Power (MAP), 30-Meter Speed Test (30mST), Maximum Oxygen Intake (VO2 max) tests were also employed in the study. The results of each test were given as the norm values according to gender and age together with 20% groups, which is considered as the Canadian Standard. For the purpose of determining the percentages in norm values, the following percentage values, which are accepted as the Canadian Standard, were used. The scores below 20% were taken as ""Very Low""; the scores between 21- 40% range were taken as ""Low""; the scores between 41- 60% range were taken as ""Normal""; the scores between 61-80% range were taken as ""High"", and the scores above 81% were taken as ""Very High"". The data on the physical and biomotoric characteristics of the children living in Kosovo were given as norm values as 20% groups, sex and age, which is considered as the Canadian Standard; and were compared with the data of the World Health Organization and the literature data of other countries. While the children living in Kosovo showed higher performances in the tests that were affected by anthropometric properties like height and body fat percentage and by genetic properties like the speed of the movements of the arms when compared with the children from other countries from the same age group; they had lower performances in the tests that were affected by life style and physical activity levels like endurance, long jump, and flexibility

DEMONSTRATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR EXECUTING THE GYMNASTIC ELEMENTS (ACROBATIC)

In this study, we researched samples of 60 male students which were taken from the population of the High School Gymnasium “Gjon Buzuku” in Prizren, and the Gymnasium “Hamdi Berisha” in Malishevë. However, this school is well-known by majority of students in the Prizren Region. The subject of this research has been the execution of gymnastic (acrobatic) composure, which includes elements such as: excellent balance, verticals upon hands, gulping down forward, gulping down behind, turning aside, and turning with hands forward, respectively. The demonstration of psychological factors (level of confidence), includes fright, jealousy, confidence, and the great desire to achieve top results in order to execute the abovementioned composure elements. Gymnastic Elements executed by students were evaluated by three Physical Cultural and Sports Teachers conducted by the Chairman of the Commission (The teacher of physical sports education and the trainer of gymnastics). Therefore, the psychological status of students is identified by a questionnaire composed of seven questions, which include the psychological factors mentioned above (the questionnaire was formulated by a Psychologist)

DEMONSTRATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR EXECUTING THE GYMNASTIC ELEMENTS (ACROBATIC)

In this study, we researched samples of 60 male students which were taken from the population of the High School Gymnasium “Gjon Buzuku” in Prizren, and the Gymnasium “Hamdi Berisha” in Malishevë. However, this school is well-known by majority of students in the Prizren Region. The subject of this research has been the execution of gymnastic (acrobatic) composure, which includes elements such as: excellent balance, verticals upon hands, gulping down forward, gulping down behind, turning aside, and turning with hands forward, respectively. The demonstration of psychological factors (level of confidence), includes fright, jealousy, confidence, and the great desire to achieve top results in order to execute the abovementioned composure elements. Gymnastic Elements executed by students were evaluated by three Physical Cultural and Sports Teachers conducted by the Chairman of the Commission (The teacher of physical sports education and the trainer of gymnastics). Therefore, the psychological status of students is identified by a questionnaire composed of seven questions, which include the psychological factors mentioned above (the questionnaire was formulated by a Psychologist)

Comparison of Eurofit Test Results of 11-17-Year- Old Male and Female Students in Kosovo

This study aims to compare EuroFit test results of 11-17-year-old males and females in Kosovo. 742 students were included in the study. 347 females and 395 males were determined by random selection from the schools in urban and rural areas of all regions. Kosovo's general population rate (52% male 48% female) was considered when determining the proportion of male and female students. Anthropometric characteristics including height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) of students and the motoric characteristics including the values obtained from the tests such as flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit and reach, standing broad jump, handgrip strength, sit-ups (30 sec), bent arm hang, 10x5m shuttle run and 20 m endurance were compared. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between the anthropometric characteristics of male and female students in adolescence; however, it was observed that as the age increased, males became heavier and taller than females (p<0.05). In general, while there was no statistically significant difference between males and females in flamingo balance, plate tapping and sit and reach tests (p> 0.05), males were determined to be more successful than females in standing broad jump test, handgrip strength test, sit-ups (30 sec) and 20 m endurance tests (p<0.05). It is observed that students in Kosovo are more successful than the other countries regarding motoric tests such as the anthropometric characteristics, which are thought to be more related to genetics, and speed/agility of arms and legs. On the other hand, they are unsuccessful in comparison with other countries with regard to flexibility and endurance in tests which are thought to be influenced by factors such as lifestyle, nutrition, and training

Comparative Analysis of Banking System Profitability in Western Balkan Countries

The aim of this paper is to analyze the profitability of the banking sector in the Western Balkan countries. (Note 1) This paper reviews return on assets (ROA) as an indicator of profit and return on equity (ROE) as an indicator of profitability in the banking systems of the respective countries, as well as some other macroeconomic variables that influence them. The main objective of this study is to identify the specific and macroeconomic variables of this industry, that have an impact on the profitability of commercial banks operating in the Western Balkan countries during the 2008-2015 period. Specifically, this paper addresses external indicators (gross domestic product, remittances, foreign direct investment, unemployment), and industry and bank specific indicators (assets, loans, loan-to-deposit ratio, non performing loans and interest rates) that affect the profitability of the banking system in respective countries. Therefore, according to the data generated during the research and the literature review, the profitability of banks measured by the ROA and ROE indicators, regarding the analyzed countries, turns out to be extremely low, especially compared to EU countries where they strive

Визначення рівня гнучкості та мобільності для студенток фізичного виховання та аналіз рухової асиметрії

Background and Study Aim. The aim of the study is the determination of flexibility and mobility levels (norm values) for female physical education students and analyses of the motor asymmetry. Material and Methods. In the study, 10 female physical education and sport students whose mean body weight was 59.3 kg and body height were 167.7 centimeters were included. Flexibility and mobility performance was measured by using tests such as a Forward-Backward Split (FBS0), Leg Raise forward (LRF0), Leg Raise Sideward (LRS0), Side Spit (SS0), Arm-Trunk Angle (AT0), Seat and reach hip angle degree (SRHA0). Data analysis in the study was made by using the IBM SPSS statistics 26 program. To handle the results of the study, the Independent-samples T-test and percentile(s) statistics were used. Norm values were given in four categories (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th) and middle fifty (50th). Calculation of the angle degrees was made by using the Kinovea-0.9.4-x64.exe program. Results. The findings have shown that the forward-backward split and leg raise forward angle degree when the right leg was ahead is significantly higher (better flexibility) than the forward-backward split and leg raise forward angle degree when the left leg was ahead (p<0.05). However, differences in the leg raise sideward angle degree in the right and left leg were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions. The study determined the level (norm values) of flexibility and mobility of female physical education students. The right leg flexibility and mobility level resulted to be significantly higher in comparison to the left leg.Передумови та мета дослідження. Метою дослідження є визначення рівнів гнучкості і рухливості (значень норми) студенток фізичного виховання і аналіз рухової асиметрії.Матеріал і методи. У дослідження були включені 10 студенток фізичного виховання і спорту, середня вага яких становила 59,3 кг, а зріст - 167,7 см. Гнучкість і рухливість вимірювалися за допомогою таких тестів, як шпагат вперед-назад (FBS0), підйом ніг вперед ( LRF0), підйом ніг в сторони (LRS0), бічний рожен (SS0), кут між рукою і тулубом (AT0), сидіння і кут нахилу стегна (SRHA0). Аналіз даних в дослідженні проводився за допомогою програми IBM SPSS statistics 26. Для обробки результатів дослідження використовувалися Т-тест незалежних вибірок і статистика процентилів. Значення норми були дані за чотирма категоріями (20-а, 40-а, 60-а, 80-а) і середні 50-і (50-і). Розрахунок кутів в градусах проводився за допомогою програми Kinovea-0.9.4-x64.exe.Результати. Отримані дані показали, що ступінь кута нахилу вперед-назад і підйому ноги вперед, коли права нога була попереду, значно вище (найкраща гнучкість), ніж ступінь кута нахилу вперед-назад і підняття ноги вперед, коли ліва нога була попереду (p <0 , 05). Однак відмінності в ступені кута підйому ноги в сторону для правої і лівої ноги не були статистично значущими (p> 0,05).Висновки. В ході дослідження визначено рівень (значення норми) гнучкості і рухливості студенток фізичного виховання. Рівень гнучкості і рухливості правої ноги виявився значно вище в порівнянні з лівою ногою

Determination of motoric requirement level for female physical education and sport science students based on body joints

The aim of the study is determination of motor skills (force, flexibility, and mobility) requirement level for female physical education and sport students based on body joints. The study consists of 10 female physical education and sport students of Istanbul Gelisim University, who voluntarily were part of the study. The study meets the Helsinki Declaration and is approved by the ethics commission of Istanbul Gelisim University. Determination of the force level was made by using bench press on the smith machine, smith machine squats, smith machine shoulder press, dumbbell bench press, barbell squat, and barbell shoulders press tests. flexibility and mobility tests consist of the forward-backward split, leg raises forward, side split, leg raise sideward, arm trunk angle (flexion and extension), and seat reach hip angle degree. During the data collection, Kinovea 0.9.4 and the ‘’1RM’’ app was used. Data analysis in the study was made by using the IBM SPSS statistics 26 programs. Determination of the level (norm values) of force, flexibility, and mobility made by using the percentile(s) statistics. Force, flexibility, and mobility requirement levels were given in four categories (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th) and middle fifty (50th). As the results of the study were determined force, flexibility, and mobility requirement levels (norm values) for female physical education and sport students. Besides this, the study determines the middle fifty of norm values for each motor test included in the study, which may help in data comparison between different studies, countries, and athlete categories. Based on the results has determined the force, flexibility, and mobility requirements level of physical education and sport science students which provides the possibility to update the content of certain lessons of sport science faculties. Thus, may increase the student\u27s motor abilities which are directly related to the coaching performance

Transfer of the theoretical knowledge to practical performance in artistic gymnastic lessons at the university level

The study aims to determine the transfer ratio of theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge in students of sport science universities during the artistic gymnastic lesson. The study sample consist of 47 students (37 girls and 10 boys) who were in grade two at the coaching, exercise, management, recreation, and enabled people’s department of the Sport Sciences Faculty at Istanbul Gelisim University. While the analyses of the student\u27s practical scores consist of Practical Routine (PR: 25%), Assistance in Gymnastics (AG: 15%), and Learning Steeps (LS: 15%), the analyses of the student\u27s theoretical scores are based on General Performance (GP: 10%), Physical Preparation (PP: 15%), Theoretical preparation (THP: 10%), and Technique evaluation (TE: 10%). Also, in order to check the validity of the result, the general scores of online educations were tested. For the data analysis, SPSS 26 programs were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and canonical correlation were used. The results of the study can be defined by the significant correlation between the general score of the students and theoretical (p\u3c0.05, r=0.497), and practical (p\u3c0.05, r=0.920) knowledge. The correlation coefficient of the GS to the practical and theoretical variables has been determined like PR (r=0.686), AG (r=0.799), LS (r=0.799), GP (r=0.720), PP (r=0.685), (r=0.000), and TE (r=0.511). Besides the higher correlation of practical knowledge to the general scores in comparison with the theoretical knowledge, also it can be concluded that while the practice has shown a low ability to explain the theory knowledge, the theory has tendencies to explain the practical knowledge more in the first canonical variable

Normative values for physical fitness in children aged 11-17 in Kosovo

Background and Study Aim: In the present study, the purpose was to determine the normative values for physical and biomotoric characteristics of children aged 11-17 in Kosovo. Material and Methods: 742 students who were selected according to the Random Sampling Method from 24 schools determined in the cities and rural areas in all regions were included in the study (n = 347 girls, n = 395 - boys). Volunteering students who did not have any acute or chronic disease that might avoid testing were included in the study after the permissions were received from the Ministry of National Education, Principals of the Schools, and the support of the parents. The declarations of Helsinki were taken into consideration in the study. Results: The results of each test were given as the norm values according to gender and age together with 20% groups, which is considered as the Canadian Standard. The data on the physical and biomotoric characteristics of the children living in Kosovo were compared with the data of the World Health Organization and the literature data of other countries. Conclusions: While the children living in Kosovo showed higher performances in the tests that were affected by anthropometric properties like height and body fat percentage and by genetic properties like the speed of the movements of the arms when compared with the children from other countries from the same age group; they had lower performances in the tests that were affected by life style and physical activity levels like endurance, long jump, and flexibility