The role of the United States of America in the post-Cold War world: a global leader or hegemon?

The authors of this paper deal with the role of the USA in the post-Cold War world and their position from the standpoint of relevant indicators and theoretical considerations. This work also refers to path that the United States took from isolationism to the world domination and considers justification of the position of the USA in the period after the Cold War from the point of hegemonic stability theories, while at the end indicates the diversity of understanding of contemporary thinkers regarding the position of the United States as the hegemon or rather “just” a global leader. This paper does not prejudge the final definition of the position of the USA in international relations, but aims to launch discussions on the necessity and justification of the existence of such vision on a global scale

The influence of Islamic state on the global security

The region of Middle East has been for centuries space of interweaving of interests of power holders, both within the countries of the region and major world powers. The favorable geographical position and significant reserves of natural resources, principally oil, make the Middle East, in terms of security, very sensitive. Clash of civilizations and religions in the region and the locations of the most important holy places for both Christianity and Islam were historically a stumbling rock and a great obstacle to peace and prosperity. The aim of this article is to point out and to attempt to answer the question how Islamic State can influence on a global security. Considering the complexity of the security reality in the Middle East, it can be said that the importance is reflected in the fact that it provides a contribution to its knowing the aspect that arises from the problem issues. (author's abstract

RS17817449 FTO gene variation associated with familial disease burden rather than individual risk for breast cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in the female population globally. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal BC, BC recurrence, and mortality. Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms have attracted the most attention due to several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may have an impact on obesity and different types of cancer. The primary goal of our work was to assess the association of the SNP rs17817449 FTO, physical status/metabolic changes, and dietary habits with the occurrence of BC. Methods: We conducted research as a population-genetic study including 93 women with a diagnosis of BC during their lifetime. Genomic DNA was extracted from the swabs of the buccal mucosa. Genotyping was achieved by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The IBM SPSS Statistics program v. 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. All values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The risk genotype of the FTO gene (rs17817449) GG was detected in 16 subjects (17.2%), the heterozygous TG in 46 subjects (49.5%), while the normal genotype TT was recorded in 29 subjects (31.2%). We found no statistically significant difference in the body mass index values of the three genotype groups, p = 0.72, χ2 = 2.1 and no significant relationship between the allelic or genotypic frequencies of the rs17817449 FTO gene polymorphism and other variables examined in our study. Analysis of the distribution of hereditary diseases in the family according to the molecular subtype of BC showed statistically significant p-values, p = 0.02. Conclusion: While previous research has suggested a potential link between FTO gene polymorphism, obesity, and BC, our study did not find a statistically significant association between the aforementioned variables. Future studies with a larger number of subjects in different populations should confirm the role of the FTO genotype in the risk of BC

Identifying genetic variants that affect viability in large cohorts

A number of open questions in human evolutionary genetics would become tractable if we were able to directly measure evolutionary fitness. As a step towards this goal, we developed a method to examine whether individual genetic variants, or sets of genetic variants, currently influence viability. The approach consists in testing whether the frequency of an allele varies across ages, accounting for variation in ancestry. We applied it to the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort and to the parents of participants in the UK Biobank. Across the genome, we found only a few common variants with large effects on age-specific mortality: tagging the APOE ε4 allele and near CHRNA3. These results suggest that when large, even late-onset effects are kept at low frequency by purifying selection. Testing viability effects of sets of genetic variants that jointly influence 1 of 42 traits, we detected a number of strong signals. In participants of the UK Biobank of British ancestry, we found that variants that delay puberty timing are associated with a longer parental life span (P~6.2 × 10-6 for fathers and P~2.0 × 10-3 for mothers), consistent with epidemiological studies. Similarly, variants associated with later age at first birth are associated with a longer maternal life span (P~1.4 × 10-3). Signals are also observed for variants influencing cholesterol levels, risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), body mass index, as well as risk of asthma. These signals exhibit consistent effects in the GERA cohort and among participants of the UK Biobank of non-British ancestry. We also found marked differences between males and females, most notably at the CHRNA3 locus, and variants associated with risk of CAD and cholesterol levels. Beyond our findings, the analysis serves as a proof of principle for how upcoming biomedical data sets can be used to learn about selection effects in contemporary humans.Medical Research Council (Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/2). This grant supported FRD and JRBP. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant number R01GM121372). This grant is to MP and JKP. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant number R01MH106842). This grant is to JKP. Columbia University. This research was funded in part by a Research Initiative in Science and Engineering grant to MP and JKP. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant number R01GM115889). This grant is to Guy Sella, provided partial support for HM

Ossifying Fibroma: Presentation of a clinical case in jaw and literature review

El Fibroma Osificante es un tumor benigno casi idéntico al fibroma cementificante. Se inscribe dentro de las llamadas lesiones fibro-óseas, como la displasia fibrosa y la displasia cementoosificante, que se caracterizan por el reemplazo de la arquitectura ósea normal por fibroblastos, tejido fibroso y cantidades variables de tejido mineralizado. Debido a sus características clínicas, radiológicas e histológicas, la clasificación de estas lesiones ha sido muy controversial. Presentamos un caso clínico en mandíbula, detallando su diagnóstico y tratamiento, y una revisión de la literatura.The ossifying fibroma is a benign tumor almost identical to cementing fibroma. It is part of the so-called fibro-osseous lesions, such as fibrous dysplasia and cement-ossifying dysplasia characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by fibroblasts, fibrous tissue and variable amounts of mineralized tissue. We report a case in jaw, detailing their diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature.Facultad de Odontologí

Efficacy and safety of local lysozyme treatment in patients with oral mucositis after chemotherapy and radiotherapy

This observational clinical study was composed of two substudies: a non-comparative one (n = 166), testing only lysozyme-based compounds (LBCs), and a comparative substudy (n = 275), testing both LBCs and bicarbonate-based local compounds (BBCs) on the healing of oral mucositis during radio- or chemotherapy. The density of ulcerations has decreased significantly after the treatment with lysozyme in both substudies. The density of ulcerations in the radiotherapy group was lower in patients treated with LBCs compared to patients treated with BBCs (p < 0.001). In the chemotherapy group, reduction of ulceration density was similar with both LBCs and BBCs. The LBCs reduced pain intensity during the intake of solid food and speech more than BBCs in both patient cohorts (p < 0.05). In the radiotherapy cohort, pain intensity when consuming liquid foods was reduced more with LBCs than with BBCs (p < 0.05). No adverse events were recorded. This study demonstrates the advantages of treating oral mucositis during radiotherapy or chemotherapy with LBCs

Ossifying Fibroma: Presentation of a clinical case in jaw and literature review

El Fibroma Osificante es un tumor benigno casi idéntico al fibroma cementificante. Se inscribe dentro de las llamadas lesiones fibro-óseas, como la displasia fibrosa y la displasia cementoosificante, que se caracterizan por el reemplazo de la arquitectura ósea normal por fibroblastos, tejido fibroso y cantidades variables de tejido mineralizado. Debido a sus características clínicas, radiológicas e histológicas, la clasificación de estas lesiones ha sido muy controversial. Presentamos un caso clínico en mandíbula, detallando su diagnóstico y tratamiento, y una revisión de la literatura.The ossifying fibroma is a benign tumor almost identical to cementing fibroma. It is part of the so-called fibro-osseous lesions, such as fibrous dysplasia and cement-ossifying dysplasia characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by fibroblasts, fibrous tissue and variable amounts of mineralized tissue. We report a case in jaw, detailing their diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature.Facultad de Odontologí

Effects of adding taxane to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer

Aim To compare the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on taxane and/or anthracycline to the extent of an objective response in female patients with unresectable breast cancer with evaluation of the toxic profile of applied chemotherapy. Methods One hundred patients with histologically verified breast cancer, treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were divided into two groups: a study group A (50 patients), who had received 4 to 6 cycles of taxane-based chemotherapy, and control group B (50 patients), who had received 4 to 6 cycles of anthracyclines-based chemotherapy. Pathohistological response was evaluated after tumour excision and axillary resection at the end of chemotherapy and it was defined as pathologic complete (pCR), partial (pPR), or no response (pNR). Toxic effects were evaluated and quantified by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Results After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 8% of patients in the group A achieved pCR, 54% achieved pPR, while 38% of patients had no tumour response to applied chemotherapy. In the group B pCR was achieved in 6%, pPR in 42% of patients, while 51% of patients were pNR to the administered chemotherapy. Significant reduction of tumour mass was achieved in the group of patients treated with taxanes: 20.00 (7.75-30.25) vs. 13.50 (6.00-25.00) mm (p=0.024). Toxicity of chemotherapy in group A and group B was within the limits of grade 2. Conclusion The addition of taxane to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer resulted in a significant reduction in tumour mass compared to the group of patients treated with anthracyclines, but without increasing the overall side effects

Plan de negocios para la creación de una empresa de consultoría corporativa en gestión de redes sociales

El presente Plan de Negocios tiene por objetivo evaluar la factibilidad de la implementación de una empresa de consultoría corporativa en gestión de redes sociales para empresas de consumo masivo. Nuestra propuesta de valor se diferencia en dar un servicio especializado de desarrollo, implementación y soporte en redes sociales que va de la mano con las estrategias de marketing y de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) de sus clientes, además de brindar información oportuna y relevante para los clientes. Esta propuesta es factible gracias a un conjunto de factores externos e internos analizados en el presente trabajo. Entre los factores externos que facilitan la implementación de ésta iniciativa resaltan: el crecimiento acelerado de usuarios con acceso a internet, por ende existe un gran numero de usuarios en redes sociales, siendo este un medio de comunicación mas económico, bidireccional y efectivo, lo cual obliga a las empresas a reorientar sus estrategias de comunicación y de marketing para no perder presencia y participación de mercado. Como consecuencia, el índice de crecimiento promedio de la inversión nacional en publicidad en medios digitales se ha incrementado ampliamente, en comparación con el índice de crecimiento en los medios tradicionales de comunicación.Tesi