Mucocele

U ambulanti oralne kirurgije gotovo se danomice susrećemo sa salivarnim cistama. Liječimo ih kirurškim putem - izljuštivanjem ili marsupijalizacijom. Smatrali smo vrijednim te promjene raščlaniti klinički, patohistološki i patogenetski. Postoje dva tipa salivarnih cisti: retencijske ciste (histološki žlijezda slinovnica s dilatiranim izvodnim kanalićima obloženima krupnim stanicama sa saćastom citoplazmom) i ekstravazacijske ciste (šuplja tvorba ispunjena staničnim detritusom i bakterijama, obložena cilindričnim i višeslojnim epitelom). Mukokele su obložene stijenkom granulacijskoga tkiva i sadržavaju eozinofilni hijalini materijal. Raspoređene su po cijeloj sluznici usne šupljine, ali najviše na donjoj usnici. Najčešće nastaju mehaničkim ozljedama izvodnih kanala malih žlijezda slinovnica i retencijom. Promjera su oko 1,5 cm. Izazivaju laganu cijanozu područja i plavkasto-bijelo prosijavanje koje nastaje kao posljedica sužavanja krvnih žila i tanke stijenke mukokele. Retrospektivno smo analizirali patohistološke nalaze s kliničkom dijagnozom “mukokela” u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 1995. do 31. prosinca 2000. godine. U tome razdoblju ukupno je operirano 9047 osoba. Od 1358 nalaza koji su poslani na patohistološku raščlambu (PHD) 89 je klinički dijagnosticirano kao mukokele. Od 89 navedenih lezija u samo je 72 slučaja patohistološki potvrđena dijagnoza mukokela. Razlike u spolu nisu bitno utjecale na nastanak mukokela, a prema istraživanju nalazimo da se mukokele javljaju u svim dobnim skupinama, no ipak češće u mladih ljudi u drugom i trećem desetljeću života. Mukokele su najvećim dijelom bile na donjoj usnici, 83,3% u našem istraživanju. Ostale mukokele bile su u sublingvalnom prostoru, na obraznoj sluznici i u vestibulumu usne šupljine. Prema patohistološkom opisu zaključili smo da su 23 mukokele bile retencijskoga tipa, a dvije su bile ekstravazacijske promjene.In the Out-Patient Department of Oral Surgery we daily come across salivary cysts which we treat surgically - by scaling or marsupialisation. We considered that it would be helpful to analyse these changes clinically, histopathologically and pathogenetically. There are two types of salivary cysts: retention cysts (histologically a salivary gland with dilated secretory canals lined with large cells with honeycomb cytoplasm) and extravasation cysts (a hollow mass filled with cellular detritus and bacteria, coated with cylindrical and stratified epithelia). Mucocele are coated with a lining of granulation tissue and contain eozinophyllic hyaline material. They occur throughout the whole of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, although the majority are on the lower lip. They most frequently occur because of mechanical injury to the secretory canals of the small salivary glands and retention. They are approximately 1.5 cm in diameter. They cause slight cyanosis of the area and bluish-white surface which occurs as a result of the narrowing of the blood vessels and thin walls of the mucocele. We retrospectively analysed histopathological findings with a clinical diagnosis “mucocele” during the period 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. During that period a total number of 9047 people were operated. Of 1358 findings sent for histopathological analysis (PHD), 89 were clinically diagnosed as mucocele. Of these 89 lesions in only 72 cases was the diagnosis of mucocele confirmed histopathologically. Differences in gender did not essentially have an effect on the occurrence of mucocele, and according to the results of the investigation we found that although mucocele occurs in all age groups, it is more frequent in younger people during the second and third decade of life. In our investigation mucocele were largely located on the lower lip, 83.3%. Other mucocele were located in the sublingual space, on the mucous membrane of the cheek and in the vestibulum of the oral cavity. According to the histopathological description we concluded that 23 mucocele were of retention type and two extravasation lesions

The prevalence of smoking among Croatian hospitalized coronary heart disease patients [Prevalencija pušenja u hospitaliziranih bolesnika u Hrvatskoj]

The aim of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of smoking using selected anthropometric variables in a sample of hospitalized coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in Croatia (N = 1,298). A total of 444 subjects (34.6%) were non-smokers, 548 (42.6%) were smokers and 293 (22.8%) were ex-smokers. Men, on average, smoked more cigarettes per day than women (22.62 vs. 19.84 cigarettes, p < 0.001) and they also had bigger index "pack-years" than women (36.96 vs. 33.91, p = 0.024). Men were more often smokers and ex-smokers than women (47.4% vs. 30.8% for smokers and 25.0% vs. 22.8% for ex-smokers, p < 0.001). In this study a high prevalence of smoking was found among CHD patients in Croatia. Unless it is decreased, it can be expected that CHD patients in Croatia will continue to experience adverse effects more often than other CHD patients in the rest of Europe

Stable Angina Pectoris - Conservative or Intervention Treatment

Današnja terapija acetilsalicilnom kiselinom i statinima smanjuje mortalitet i morbiditet bolesnika i pobolj- šava preživljenje bolesnika s kroničnom stabilnom anginom pektoris i očuvanom funkcijom lijeve klijetke. Druga antianginalna terapija (nitrati dugotrajnog djelovanja, beta-blokatori, antagonisti kalcijevih kanala) smanjuje ili prevenira anginalne simptome, ali nije dokazano da poboljšava preživljenje. U bolesnika s oslabljenom funkcijom lijeve klijetke nakon preboljelog infarkta srca liječenje beta-blokatorima i ACE-inhibitorima smanjuje mortalitet i rizik od ponovnog infarkta. Intervencijsko liječenje kronične stabilne angine pektoris, kako invazivno kardiološko tako i kardiokirurško, značajno smanjuju simptomatologiju angine pektoris, prorjeđuju učestalost reinfarkta i potrebu za ponovnom hospitalizacijom, ali ne utječu na produljenje života.The current medicament therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and statins lowers the mortality and morbidity of patients and improves survival of patients with chronic stabile angina pectoris and preserved function of the left ventricle. The other anti-anginal medicament therapy (long activity nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists) diminishes or prevents anginal symptoms, but it has not been proven that such therapy improves survival. In patients with weakened left ventricle function after myocardial infarction treatment with beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors reduces mortality and the risk of repeated infarction. The intervention treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, both invasive cardiological and cardiosurgical, significantly lessen the symptomatology of angina pectoris, reduce the frequency of new infarctions and the need for repeated hospitalization, but do not influence the prolongation of life

Zajednički europski referentni okvir za jezike - prednosti i ograničenja

U Opatiji je 19. i 20. listopada održan međunarodni znanstveni skup u organizaciji IATEFL --- TEA SIG. Programski je bio zamišljen kao propitivanje uspješnosti upotrebe zajedničkoga europskoga referentnoga okvira u nastavi različitih stranih jezika, s otvorenim pozivom na kritičko promatranje rezultata

Zajednički europski referentni okvir za jezike - prednosti i ograničenja

U Opatiji je 19. i 20. listopada održan međunarodni znanstveni skup u organizaciji IATEFL --- TEA SIG. Programski je bio zamišljen kao propitivanje uspješnosti upotrebe zajedničkoga europskoga referentnoga okvira u nastavi različitih stranih jezika, s otvorenim pozivom na kritičko promatranje rezultata

Terminology variation in Croatian medical written discourse

Istraživanje terminološke varijacije u hrvatskome medicinskom jeziku želi odgovoriti na ključna pitanja o terminološkoj varijaciji – prvo se odnosi na potvrdu prisutnosti varijacije u stručnoznanstvenome i popularnoznanstvenome diskursu, a drugo se odnosi na njezinu funkcionalnost, tj. motivaciju nastanka. Rad se sastoji od teorijskoga dijela koji opisuje razvoj teme u vidu odnosa prema pojavi terminološke varijacije u različitim terminološkim pristupima, metodološke razrade i u konačnici primjene metoda za izlučivanje, prepoznavanje i grupiranje terminoloških varijanata iz stručnoznanstvenoga i popularnoznanstvenoga korpusa medicinskih tekstova na hrvatskome jeziku. Izlučene su se varijante promatrale i analizirale na temelju suvremenih terminoloških teorija koje prihvaćaju terminološku varijaciju kao inherentno svojstvo strukovnoga jezika, a u okvirima svojih teorijskih postavki predlažu odgovarajuće metode njihova proučavanja. Izlučeno je više od 150 ključnih riječi iz stručnoznanstvenoga korpusa medicinskih tekstova iz poddomene koronarne bolesti srca i jednako toliko ključnih riječi iz popularnoznanstvenoga korpusa. Odabrano je 100 pojmova čiji su se nazivi i varijante izlučile uz pomoć kombiniranih diskursnih i korpusnih metoda prepoznavanja varijanata te oslanjanjem na povezanost pojmova i njihovu organizaciju u događaju domene po uzoru na terminologiju okvira. Analiza terminoloških varijanata provedena je na jezičnoj i pojmovnoj razini. Na jezičnoj su razini opisane promjene varijanata u odnosu na jezični izraz osnovnoga naziva, a na pojmovnoj se razini tražila promjena u sadržaju pojma, ako je do nje došlo. Analizirala se svaka varijanta posebno, a na temelju konačnih rezultata predložena je klasifikacija terminoloških varijanata. Usporedila se i učestalost pojavljivanja i vrste terminoloških varijanata u stručnoznanstvenome i popularnoznanstvenome korpusu te su navedeni određeni zaključci o upotrebi pojedinih vrsta varijanata u dvama registrima. Predložena klasifikacija varijanata može poslužiti kao predložak za analizu terminološke varijacije u ostalim strukovnim domenama. Rezultati istraživanja primjenjivi su u praktičnoj terminološkoj djelatnosti, i u prevoditeljskoj teoriji i praksi, a doprinijet će i razvoju terminoloških istraživanja na temu terminološke varijacije koja je, kao što se istraživanjem pokazalo, bogat izvor istraživačkih tema.The phenomenon of variation in terminology has in recent times become quite a frequent topic of research within the field because researchers have realized its importance and frequency in specialized communication. The analysis of terminological variation in Croatian medical written discourse aims to answer the key questions concerning terminological variation – to what extent is the term variation present in professional medical discourse as well as in lay discourse, and is there a functional aspect of variation within the discourse of specialized language, and what is the motivation behind it. The research consists of the theoretical part, which describes the importance of the topic of terminological variation in the field of terminology, and presents the change in attitude towards variation in the last few decades in the major contemporary terminological approaches. Methodological part is developed within several contemporary terminological theories, which accept variation as the inherent characteristic of the specialized language and suggest certain methodological tools that should be considered in its analysis. Cognitive-based terminological approaches such as the Communicative Theory of Terminology (Cabré Castellví 1999, 2003), the Sociocognitive Theory of Terminology (Temmerman 2000) and the Frame-based Terminology (Faber 2012) were used as a general theoretical framework for the analysis of Croatian medical term variants. Terminological units have triple composition – they are lexical units with specialized meaning within a specialized domain and with their lexical and syntactic structure; they are communicative units used primarily in specialized discourse and in dissemination of specialized knowledge, and finally, they are cognitive units with their place in a conceptual structure of a domain, and their meaning determined by it. The dynamic and multidimensional nature of terminological units calls for adequate models of their representation and description. The Sociocognitive Theory of Terminology elaborated in more detail the relation between the cognitive dimension of the term and its reflection on the linguistic level. Term variation is seen as the result of the interaction of the language and the real world and the way we perceive it. Frame-based terminology focused primarily on the representation of the dynamic character of terms and conceptual structures. They proposed a frame-based presentation of specialized knowledge domains, which means that concepts are organized in frames which represent a certain event of the domain. The aim of the research is to conduct a corpus-based analysis of terminological variants extracted out of two specialized corpora – the first corpus was compiled of medical texts from the field of coronary heart diseases intended for medical professionals at all levels, as well as for medical students; the second corpus was compiled of popular medical texts from the same field, but written for patients and other laymen. The research is based on the following hypotheses: 1. medical specialized language can be divided into at least two registers according to the two different categories of readers of medical texts – medical experts and patients or other laymen. Each register can be identified with its distinguished characteristics concerning terms used in the discourse – expert/layperson dichotomy is, among others, the reflection of the adjustment of specialized knowledge to the lay readers, and other communicative goals; 2. terminological variation in medical discourse is not just a communicative coincidence – terminological variants are functional in the discourse and the context they appear in, and the usage of a certain variant is motivated. The greater number of variants is expected in the non-expert corpus as the result of the popularization of specialized knowledge; 3. the medical language and other specialized languages are functional registers of the natural language that change in their linguistic form and meaning according to different communicative needs. This research incorporated several most important methodological steps that distinguish contemporary cognitive linguistic approaches from the traditional approach to term analysis. Firstly, the terms and their variants are studied within the wider context of their appearance, because the wider context often serves as a source of relevant concept information. Terms are for this reason extracted from the corpora of texts in use and, as such, meet the cognitive linguistics criteria for the analysis of the language in use. Secondly, each term and its variant is seen as an integral part of the domain conceptual structure in whole, which is dynamic and tends to change over time because of the evolution of the concept and/or the domain, or as the result of the multidimensionality of the term. Multidimensionality is the quality of a term to get adjusted to different perspectives of the speaker on the concept, giving rise to different conceptualizations, which in turn result in different denominations. Thirdly, different motivation can be found behind term variants, some of them affect only the form, but some of them affect the meaning, as well. In line with the cognitive approaches to language, the changes at the term level are seen as the reflection of the changes at the concept level. Two specialized corpora are first compiled for the extraction of most frequent words in each corpus. The expert corpus consisted of medical textbooks, manuals, scientific and expert articles related to the field of coronary heart disease. The lay corpus is compiled from printed manuals for patients and popular scientific articles related to the same medical topic as well as the articles collected from the internet. Sketch Engine tools are used both for corpus compilation and for the variant extraction. Out of 150 extracted key words for each corpus, 120 terms, which represent the concepts of the chosen medical domain, are chosen for the analysis from the expert corpus, and 100 terms representing the concepts from the lay corpus. The most frequent term variant for each concept is considered the original term. In the course of the extraction of term variants, the main focus was put on knowledge-rich contexts and discourse markers which helped us discover term variants in all their forms (simple terms, complex terms, paraphrases) but also served as a source of relevant conceptual information. Variants of the chosen terms are then grouped together in order to represent the same concept. In the light of the aforementioned arguments, each variant in this research has been studied at two levels. At the linguistic level, we considered all the changes in the form of the term when compared to the form of the original term. At the concept level, we identified the possible shift in the meaning of the term variant when compared to the meaning of the original term. After the final interpretation of all the changes on variants from both registers and at both levels, the variants are then classified into two basic groups, formal or conceptual variants, depending on the type of change at the term and concept level. Through the in-depth analysis of each term variant, and relying on the previous research on term variation with the focus on variant classification (i. e. Daille 2017), we proposed our own classification which took into consideration morphosyntactic specificities of Croatian language. The group of formal variants is further divided into three subgroups of variants – linguistic (oblične varijante), lexical (leksičke varijante), and structural variants (strukturne varijante). The change at the term level in each of the formal variant type did not bring any change in the meaning of the concept they represent. However, conceptual variants demonstrated different degrees of change on the concept level – the meaning of the term is either extended (extrinsic dimensional variants – egzogene dimenzijske varijante) or the focus was put on a different dimension of the concept due to differences in conceptualization or perspective (intrinsic dimensional variants – endogene dimenzijske varijante). The greatest change at the concept level was recognized in the group of intercategorial variants, which broadened the meaning of the original concept either using metaphorical or metonymical mappings or another category. Diachronic variants exhibit a shift in the meaning when compared to the original concept due to development of the concept as the unit of knowledge. Since one of the aims of this research was to discover and describe differences between two registers in Croatian medical written discourse, we conducted a relative quantitative comparison of the variants in both corpora. The comparison revealed differences in the distribution of specialized knowledge to the expert as opposed to the layperson. The differences are evident not only on the term level, in the form of synonymic substitutions, but to a greater extent, on concept level (i. e. in the level of precision and detail in concept representation). The slightly greater tendency towards the usage of more transparent and popular terms was recognized in the lay corpus, although most of the expert corpus variants were confirmed in the lay corpus. The absence of greater differences between the two registers is explained as the result of the science popularization and specialized knowledge adaptation which in modern times presupposes an average educated reader which understands basic medical terms. The results of the research also confirmed the hypothesis on various motivations underlying term choice and its functionality in a discourse. Besides cognitive motivation, which reflects the complex and subjective nature of the process of categorization, and the blurred boundaries of the concept, other motivation factors are defined by communication goals (education, instruction, scientific presentation, etc.) and rhetorical motivation within the discourse. Finally, the hypothesis on the specialized language being the functional register of natural language, inclined to all linguistic changes that affect units of natural language – words – that means, the variability, the flexibility of form according to the context of use and communication goals. Variation in language enriches the language and offers a greater choice of expressions to choose from in order to deliver a clear message according to the expectations and needs of the reader. The results of the research contribute to the development of terminological and terminographical research of Croatian language and specialized language of medicine in particular and confirm the complexity of the yet unexplored topic that has become the center of attention of contemporary terminology. They help to better understand the term variation as the phenomena that should not be avoided even in the specialized discourse but recognized as the possibility to communicate more accurately. The methods applied can be used as the starting point for future research in the topic, and the results of this and all future research can be implemented in terminological resources intended for translators who would appreciate it most

Tehnike unapređenja kvalitete grafičkog prikaza u 3D računalnim igrama

Cilj ovog rada je prikazati potrebu prilagođavanja grafičkog prikaza modernih 3D igara u svrhu pronalaženja optimalnih postavki za zadovoljavajuću ravnotežu između kvalitete prikaza i brzinu izvođenja. Objašnjeni su temeljni pojmovi vezani uz kvalitetu prikaza i brzinu izvođenja te parametre koji utječu na korisničko iskustvo. Objašnjen je način na koji funkcioniraju najčešće korištene varijabilne tehnologije unapređenja prikaza te je testiran njihov utjecaj na brzinu izvođenja. U ovom radu je za testiranje korišteno 11 igara različitih žanrova, godina izdavanja i računalnih zahtjeva da bi se dobio precizan brojčani prikaz utjecaja u širokom broju različitih situacija. Testiranje je izvršeno na nekoliko različitih načina, izračunavanjem broja slika u sekundi na najzahtjevnijim i najmanje zahtjevnim postavkama te je izračunat rast odnosno pad performansi kod uključenja i isključenja pojedinih naprednih tehnika unapređenja grafičkog prikaza. U ovom su radu također prikazane tehnologije koje bi u skoroj budućnosti mogle uvelike utjecati na industriju 3D igara.The aim of this paper is to show the necessity of adjusting the graphical quality of modern 3D computer games with the purpose of finding the optimal settings for a satisfactory balance between display quality and speed of execution. This paper explains the core concepts associated with display quality and speed of execution as well as the parameter that affect the user experience. The methods behind common variable graphical enhancement techniques are as explained as well as the impact of said techniques on the speed of execution. The testing for this paper was done on 11 games belonging to various genre, release dates and hardware requirements with the goal of compiling a precise representation of the effect said techniques in a wide array of situations. Testing was conducted in a few different ways, observing the average frame rate with the most and least demanding settings as well as the difference between these figures with various techniques turned on and off. Techniques that may define the gaming industry in the near future are also shown in this pape

Increased blood pressure reactions to acute mental stress are associated with 16-year cardiovascular disease mortality

Exaggerated cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress may be involved in the aetiology of cardiovascular pathology. The present analysis examined the association between the magnitude of systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactions to stress and cardiovascular disease mortality. Participants were 431 (229 women) from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study, aged 63 years at the time of stress testing, where blood pressure was measured during resting baseline and mental arithmetic stress. Participants’ vital status was tracked for the next 16 years, during which time 38 had died of cardiovascular disease. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactions were positively associated with cardiovascular disease mortality. This association could reflect the long term erosive effects of exaggerated reactivity on the vasculature as well as its short term capacity to trigger acute cardiovascular events