Cationic Cyclization Involving a Remote Allene Function in the Trifluoroethanolysis of Hepta-5,6-dienyl Toluene-p-sulphonate

The remote allene function participates efficiently in the trifluoroethanolysis of hepta-5,6-dienyl toluene-p-sulphonate, leading to the cyclized 2-methylenecyclohexyl cation

Opto-Mechanical Interactions in Multi-Core Optical Fibers and Their Applications

[EN] Optical fibers containing multiple cores are being developed towards capacity enhancement in space-division multiplexed optical communication networks. In many cases, the fibers are designed for negligible direct coupling of optical power among the cores. The cores remain, however, embedded in a single, mechanically-unified cladding. Elastic (or acoustic) modes supported by the fiber cladding geometry are in overlap with multiple cores. Acoustic waves may be stimulated by light in any core through electrostriction. Once excited, the acoustic waves may induce photo-elastic perturbations to optical waves in other cores as well. Such opto-mechanical coupling gives rise to inter-core cross-phase modulation effects, even when direct optical crosstalk is very weak. The cross-phase modulation spectrum reaches hundreds of megahertz frequencies. It may consist of discrete and narrow peaks, or may become quasi-continuous, depending on the geometric layout. The magnitude of the effect at the resonance frequencies is comparable with that of intra-core cross-phase modulation due to Kerr nonlinearity. Two potential applications are demonstrated: single-frequency opto-electronic oscillators that do not require radio-frequency electrical filters, and point-sensing of liquids outside the cladding of multi-core fibers, where light cannot reach.This work was supported in part by a Starter Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) under Grant H2020-ERC-2015-STG 679228 (L-SID), in part by the Israeli Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant 61047, and in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the DIMENSION TEC2017 88029-R Project. H. H. Diamandi was supported by the Azrieli Foundation for the award of an Azrieli Fellowship. The work of J. Madrigal was supported by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia scholarship PAID-01-18. The work of D. Barrera was supported by Spanish MICINN fellowship IJCI-2017-32476.Diamandi, HH.; London, Y.; Bergman, A.; Bashan, G.; Madrigal-Madrigal, J.; Barrera, D.; Sales Maicas, S.... (2020). Opto-Mechanical Interactions in Multi-Core Optical Fibers and Their Applications. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 26(4):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2019.2958933S11326

Revisiting Egyptian Foreign Policy towards Israel under Mubarak: From Cold Peace to Strategic Peace

This article is the first academic study of Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel under Hosni Mubarak (1981–2011). It challenges a deeply entrenched conventional wisdom that Egypt pursued a cold-peace foreign policy towards Israel throughout this period. We demonstrate that Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel was dynamic – comprising cold peace (1981–91), a hybrid foreign policy of cold peace and strategic peace (1991–2003), and a pure strategic peace posture (2003–11). We also use the case of Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel as a heuristic to develop a conception of a new type of peace, strategic peace, as an intermediary analytical category between cold and stable peace

A Genome-Wide Scan of Ashkenazi Jewish Crohn's Disease Suggests Novel Susceptibility Loci

Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex disorder resulting from the interaction of intestinal microbiota with the host immune system in genetically susceptible individuals. The largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association to date identified 71 CD–susceptibility loci in individuals of European ancestry. An important epidemiological feature of CD is that it is 2–4 times more prevalent among individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent compared to non-Jewish Europeans (NJ). To explore genetic variation associated with CD in AJs, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) by combining raw genotype data across 10 AJ cohorts consisting of 907 cases and 2,345 controls in the discovery stage, followed up by a replication study in 971 cases and 2,124 controls. We confirmed genome-wide significant associations of 9 known CD loci in AJs and replicated 3 additional loci with strong signal (p<5×10−6). Novel signals detected among AJs were mapped to chromosomes 5q21.1 (rs7705924, combined p = 2×10−8; combined odds ratio OR = 1.48), 2p15 (rs6545946, p = 7×10−9; OR = 1.16), 8q21.11 (rs12677663, p = 2×10−8; OR = 1.15), 10q26.3 (rs10734105, p = 3×10−8; OR = 1.27), and 11q12.1 (rs11229030, p = 8×10−9; OR = 1.15), implicating biologically plausible candidate genes, including RPL7, CPAMD8, PRG2, and PRG3. In all, the 16 replicated and newly discovered loci, in addition to the three coding NOD2 variants, accounted for 11.2% of the total genetic variance for CD risk in the AJ population. This study demonstrates the complementary value of genetic studies in the Ashkenazim

Pengaruh Heat Treatment untuk Mengembalikan Sifat Mekanik Kawat T-loop Segmental Stainless Steel terhadap Besaran Gaya yang Dihasilkan

Heat-treatment procedure with precise temperature and technique on the stainless-steel segmental T-loop retraction spring can restore the mechanical properties that decreases after a wire-bending process. The goal of this study was to compare the force produced by a stainless-steel segmental T-loop spring without and with heat-treatment on 4500C for 15 minutes, with various activation distance and gable. The design of the study was in-vitro laboratory experimental design. This study was performed at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Science, ITB in 2006. Sample included 50 segmental T-loop springs with α and β angle of 0°–0°, 7.5°–7.5°, 15°–15°, and 22.5°–22.5°, and 30°–30° which consisted of 25 springs without heat-treatment and 25 springs with heat-treatment. Force was measured using autograph with a retraction distance of 1, 2, and 3 mm and the results were gained from ANOVA statistics analysis with a factorial design of 2x3x5 and 5 replications for each cell and posthoc Student Newman Keuls and Tukey test. The result of the statistic test showed that heat-treatment compared to no heat-treatment and interaction between heat-treatment and gable gives significant effect to the force created (p-value <0.05). In conclusion, the heat-treatment on the stainless steel T-loop produces an effect to decrease the created force