Specifics of Political and Legal Documents on Cooperation between the EAEU and third Countries (part 2)

This study examines the transregional interaction of the EAEU with third countries within the framework of the concept of “soft power” on the basis of concluded cooperation agreements bearing international legal obligations. Aim. The study aims to identify the features of the bilateral interaction of the EAEU with Vietnam, Singapore, China, Serbia and Iran within the framework of the concept of “soft power” based on a comparative analysis of political and legal documents on cooperation.Tasks. The author defines the conceptual foundations of the economic dimension of “soft power”; considers political and legal documents on cooperation concluded between the EAEU and Vietnam, Singapore, China, Serbia, Iran, and identifies the components of “soft power” on the basis of the concluded documents.Methods. The study uses methods of content analysis and comparative analysis of political and legal documents on cooperation based on criteria such as legal form, institutional mechanism, areas of cooperation to identify the features of bilateral cooperation between the EAEU and Vietnam, Singapore, China, Serbia, Iran and the components of “soft power”.Results. The study shows that the “soft power” components of political and legal documents on cooperation are more presented in the relationship between the EAEU and Vietnam and Singapore. It is the provisions of these agreements that most often mention scientific and technical cooperation and the implementation of joint research projects, scientific and educational exchange, and education issues. Nevertheless, there are risks in the field of integration interaction between the EAEU and the aforementioned countries, due to both the geographical factor and their specifics in building integration relations with third countries.Conclusions. Transregional interaction between the EAEU and the above-mentioned countries is aimed at the exchange of information, liberalization and transparency in trade, support for the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization (WTO). An analysis of political and legal documents on cooperation between the EAEU using the example of Vietnam and Singapore demonstrates the opportunities for the EAEU not only to integrate into the global economy and strengthen competitiveness, but also to increase the attractiveness of the EAEU states in terms of promoting the “soft power” strategy

The main reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from business

The purpose of the article is to study the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the accumulated experience of entrepreneurs leaving their business. Research on the principles and concepts of business termination became widespread in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. At first, only Western European and American scientists were interested in this problem. Since 2005, the geography of researchers has expanded significantly. Our analysis is based on the consideration of monographs, articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, published working papers and research reports. The article presents the characteristics of the main reasons and ways of entrepreneurs out of business. Author proposes their classification and systematization. The results of the study can be used in scientific research of entrepreneurship. They can be used in the educational activities of higher educational institutions. The results are of interest to existing entrepreneurs, helping them to properly build business exit programs

Specifics of the Political and Legal Documents of the EAEU with Third Countries

This study examines “soft power” international activity instruments of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with third countries within the framework of transregionalism on the basis of program documents and institutional formats. The study describes the experience of China, where soft power is used to achieve economic power and can act as a source of both attractiveness and pressure.Aim. The study to determine the feasibility of applying the concept of “soft power” in the field of international cooperation of the EAEU with third countries on the basis of program documents and institutional mechanisms.Tasks. The author determines the conceptual foundations of international cooperation between the EAEU and third countries, considers the EAEU program documents in the field of international cooperation, identifies the institutional formats of the EAEU in the field of interaction with third countries.Methods. The study uses methods of studying documents and content analysis to identify the competent authorities of the EAEU and existing institutional formats in the field of international cooperation. At the root of the EAEU’s activities, two principles can be traced: supranational, which is responsible for the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and interstate, when member states can also be involved in negotiations.Results. This study shows that the EAEU implements four institutional formats for interaction with third countries, namely the Free Trade Zone; Interim agreement leading to the formation of a free trade area; Preferential and non-preferential trade agreements; Memorandum of understanding. Thus, the highest format of interaction between the EAEU and third countries is the Free Trade Zone. The choice of a specific institutional format with third countries is determined not only by historical and geopolitical characteristics, but rather a comprehensive analysis of the foreign policy and capabilities of a particular country.Conclusions. The EAEU’s international activities in the field of interaction with third countries are aimed not only at deepening and simplifying trade and economic cooperation, but also making it possible to promote soft power in the international global space through tools such as science, technology, innovation

GENERALIZATION OF CLASSIFICATION SIGNS REFLECTING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION OF REGIONS

The classification features, that reflect various aspects of inter-regional differentiation, have been summarized. The initial information for the analysis were the works of domestic and foreign scientists. The methodological basis of the study was a set of formal logical methods. The obtained results confirm, that the researchers do not stop searching for new features, serving as the basis for future classifications. In some cases, they go along the path of complicating the criteria; in others, they try to simplify them. The potential of domestic classifications of regions as an instrument of regional policy is not fully used, which requires concrete steps from scientists and practitioners, in particular, adjusting existing classifications over time, tracking the movement of regions from one group to another, and developing support measures for each group of regions

The role of personality and self-motivation in political (dis)engagement

Perceived loss of control of ones’ political environment breeds cynicism and lowered self-motivation for future political action, all of which are marked indicators of learned helplessness. This leads to disengagement of a country’s people in political activity, thus leaving the government unaccountable and unregulated, while allowing corruption and selfserving policies to plague the nation’s well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to better understand the associations among political apathy, learned helplessness, age, and personality traits. It was hypothesized that learned helplessness, age, and personality traits would be significant predictors of political apathy. Participants were 200 Malaysian individuals (91 males, 109 females, M = 32.93, SD = 13.91) who completed questionnaires including the MiniInternational Personality Item Pool, Self-Motivation Scale, and Voter Involvement Scale. Learned helplessness and Neuroticism were positively correlated with political apathy, whereas Extraversion and Intellect showed negative correlations with political apathy. Age, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness showed no significant relationships with political apathy. Extraversion was the most significant predictor of political apathy, followed by intellect. Thus, the insights yielded from this study may allow for its accumulated knowledge to be informedly applied to reach an artificial resurgence in political engagement

Sources and variations of tropospheric ozone in central Siberia: observations and model simulations

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Climate change: causes, risks, consequences, problems of adaptation and management" 26-28 November 2019, Moscow, Russian Federatio

EAEU Expands International Cooperation: Latin American Trend

Integration associations are trying to expand their composition or sphere of interaction / influence. In modern international relations, the importance of transregionalism is increasing due to strengthening interdependence of countries at the global level and the formation for a new architecture of the world economy. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is trying to integrate itself into the world economy as an independent regional economic center and increase its competitiveness. Therefore, the Eurasian Economic Union seeks to develop transregional interaction with various regions, including Latin American and the Caribbean countries that caused the increasing role of Latin America in the context of the formation for a polycentric world system. The aim of the study is to identify transregional interaction specifics between the Eurasian Economic Union and Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Cuba, and Argentina. On the basis of a comparative analysis of political and legal documents on cooperation, according to legal forms, institutional mechanisms and areas of cooperation the authors have concluded that the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in contrast to the European Union, implements classical transregionalism model with Latin American countries. Wherein, the Memo- randum of understanding is the mechanism that does not create rights and obligations, within the framework of international law. The signing of such documents on cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and Latin American countries is the initial stage for strengthening mutual trade and economic cooperation, exchange of experience and information on regional economic integration, research and development so can be considered as element of soft power

Links between biota and climate-related variables in the Baltic region using Lake Onega as an example**This work was supported by Biodiversity Bioresources Programmes grants from the Russian Academy of Sciences.

AbstractThis paper aims to reveal current changes (recent decades) in regional climatic variables like water temperature (WT), the duration of the ice-free period (ICE-FREE) and the precipitation rate (P), as exemplified by Petrozavodsk Bay (Lake Onega, European Russia), and to analyse their relationships with the global climatic indices NAO, AO and structural characteristics of biota (chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), phytoplankton and zoobenthos abundance/biomass) in the lake ecosystem, which lies within the Baltic Sea catchment area. Spearman’s rank correlations yielded significant (p<0.05) relationships between the NAO and planktonic Cyanobacteria abundance, and also between NAO, AO, WT, P and the abundance and biomass of zoobenthos. Chl a correlates positively (R=0.66; p=0.03) with WT and negatively with ICE-FREE (R=−0.53; p=0.05). At the same time, multiple regression analysis confirmed that the global climate governs primarily the regional climatic variables and productivity level in the lake’s ecosystem, whereas most of the biotic characteristics respond to variability in the regional climate