1,158 research outputs found

    Flexicurity Pathways Hungary

    Get PDF

    Gender, Work and Employment in Ten Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Final Report. Country: Hungary

    Get PDF
    The Hungarian media shows very contradictory pictures of women today: Successful career women enjoying material well-being is one picture, while the careful mother not working outside the home, keeping together the family is another one. Between these two contradictory poles there are almost no other female actors in the media. Life produces something different. In spite of the fact that there was a big loss of jobs in 1990s, and women’s activity rate decreased while the unemployment rate increased compared to before the 1990s, woman with duel roles are still accepted and common. The first female task is looking after the family and the second one is working outside the home and earning money. In many cases there is a third role: studying in distant or evening courses. In the next chapters we go deeper into this topic. We analyse the different aspects of female labour market positions, and show some relevant characteristics of governmental parental benefits and childcare support, and examine how the new pension system effects women. We also have a quick look at trade unions and show their lack of activity around gender issues. In the labour market analysis of the position of women we use labour force surveys, institution-based labour statistics, and unemployment registers. The Appendix 1 contains short descriptions of these data sources

    Multifunctional attributes of endophytic Pseudomonas strains isolated from the leaves of medicinal plants

    Get PDF
    Endophytic bacteria are responsible for improved plant growth due to its role in nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization etc and in plant protection through various mechanisms and production of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the plant growth promoting potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants namely, Adulsa, Amla, Bael, Kadamb, Mango, Neem, Tulsi. Endophytic bacteria isolated from the medicinal plants, comprised of 68% Gram positive and 29% Gram negative bacteria. Seventeen distinctly unique Gram-negative endophytes were selected for further analysis. The selected endophytes were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. The multifarious endophytes were capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, production of antimicrobial compounds and aromatic compound degradation. Some of the endophytic strains were found to harbor plasmids that may play a role in aromatic compound degradation. This study emphasizes the potential of endophytic Pseudomonas species in enhancing plant growth and plant protection

    A felsƑoktatĂĄs lehetsĂ©ges lĂ©tszĂĄmpĂĄlyĂĄi MagyarorszĂĄgon

    Get PDF
    A tanulmĂĄny kĂŒlönbözƑ pĂĄlyĂĄkat feltĂ©telezve mutatja be a magyar felsƑoktatĂĄsi lĂ©tszĂĄm lehetsĂ©ges alakulĂĄsĂĄt. Valamennyi pĂĄlya kapcsolĂłdik a demogrĂĄfiai folyamatokhoz, de az aktuĂĄlis korosztĂĄly kĂŒlönbözƑ arĂĄnyĂș felsƑoktatĂĄsi rĂ©szvĂ©telĂ©vel szĂĄmol. A 2011/2012-es tanĂ©v hallgatĂłi lĂ©tszĂĄmĂĄt csak azon a pĂĄlyĂĄn lehetsĂ©ges többĂ©-kevĂ©sbĂ© fenntartani, mely Ă©vi 0,3 szĂĄzalĂ©kos hallgatĂłi arĂĄnyszĂĄmbƑvĂŒlĂ©st feltĂ©telez. A hallgatĂłk szĂĄma befolyĂĄsolja a majdani idƑsebb korosztĂĄlyokban a felsƑoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©ggel rendelkezƑk arĂĄnyĂĄt. A cikkben bemutatott, Ă©s a megfigyelĂ©sszĂĄm miatt Ăłvatosan kezelendƑ egyenlet azt sejteti, hogy jogosak a hazai felsƑoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©gƱek arĂĄnyĂĄra vonatkozĂł elkĂ©pzelĂ©sek. A SzĂ©ll KĂĄlmĂĄn-terv szerint ugyanis 2020-ban a 30–34 Ă©ves korosztĂĄly 30,3 szĂĄzalĂ©ka rendelkezik majd felsƑfokĂș vĂ©gzettsĂ©ggel, szemben a 40 szĂĄzalĂ©kos eurĂłpai uniĂłs elvĂĄrĂĄsokkal. A szerzƑ ĂĄltal bemutatott modellben mĂ©g a felsƑ becslĂ©s is több mint 5 szĂĄzalĂ©kponttal alatta marad a 40 szĂĄzalĂ©kos Ă©rtĂ©knek. A felsƑoktatĂĄsi korĂș fiatalok szĂĄmĂĄnak nagyarĂĄnyĂș csökkenĂ©se ugyanakkor egy törtĂ©nelmi lehetƑsĂ©get is magĂĄban rejt: anĂ©lkĂŒl lehetne megnövelni a lakossĂĄg körĂ©ben a diplomĂĄsok arĂĄnyĂĄt, hogy bƑvĂ­teni kellene a felsƑoktatĂĄs kapacitĂĄsĂĄt. ElegendƑ lenne a jelenlegi hallgatĂłi lĂ©tszĂĄm fenntartĂĄsa, mely hosszĂș tĂĄvon a felsƑoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©gi arĂĄnyok növekedĂ©sĂ©t eredmĂ©nyeznĂ©

    A fundamentĂĄlis transzformĂĄciĂł Ă©s a referenciapont szerepe a hiĂĄnyos szerzƑdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©ben (The role of basic transformation and reference point in the theory of incomplete contracts)

    Get PDF
    A cikk Oliver Hart Ă©s szerzƑtĂĄrsai modelljeinek következtetĂ©seit hasonlĂ­tja össze Williamson tranzakciĂłs költsĂ©gekre vonatkozĂł nĂ©zeteivel. Megmutatja, hogy a kĂ©t irĂĄnyzat a vĂĄllalat vagy piac kĂ©rdĂ©skörĂ©ben mĂĄs eszközöket hasznĂĄl, de hasonlĂłan Ă©rvel. MegismerkedhetĂŒnk Williamson Harttal szemben megfogalmazott azon kritikĂĄjĂĄval, hogy Hart modelljeiben az alkunak nincsenek tranzakciĂłs költsĂ©gei, illetve a kritika kritikĂĄjĂĄval is. Hart elkĂ©pzelĂ©seit tĂĄmasztja alĂĄ a tulajdonjogi irĂĄnyzaton belĂŒl nemrĂ©giben kialakult referenciapont-elmĂ©let, amely kĂ­sĂ©rleti lehetƑsĂ©geket is nyĂșjt a kĂŒlönbözƑ feltĂ©telezĂ©sek igazolĂĄsĂĄra. ____ The article compares the conclusions from the models of Oliver Hart et al. with the views of Williamson on transaction costs. It shows that the two schools use different means on the question of the firm or the market, but similar reasoning. The author covers Williamson's criticism of Hart that there are no transaction costs in his models, and also the criticism of that criticism. Hart's notions are supported by the recently developed theory of reference point within the property-right trend, which offers chances of experimental proof of the various assumptions

    A referenciapont-elmĂ©let mint a hiĂĄnyos informĂĄciĂłjĂș szerzƑdĂ©sek gondolatkörĂ©nek Ășj irĂĄnyzata (The concept of ‘reference points’ as a new direction in the ‘incomplete contract’ theory)

    Get PDF
    A cikk az alig több mint öt Ă©ve szĂŒletett referenciapont-elmĂ©letet mutatja be, ismerteti Ă©s Ă©rtĂ©keli a tĂ©mĂĄban eddig megjelent cikkeket Ă©s a nagyobb horderejƱ munkaanyagokat. A referenciapont-elmĂ©let arra a kĂ©rdĂ©sre keresi a vĂĄlaszt, hogy mi a vĂĄllalat optimĂĄlis mĂ©rete, Ă©s mikor Ă©rdemesebb a termelĂ©si kooperĂĄciĂłt nem a vĂĄllalaton belĂŒl, a kĂŒlönbözƑ egysĂ©gek koordinĂĄciĂłjĂĄval megoldani, hanem kĂŒlsƑ vĂĄllalatok segĂ­tsĂ©gĂ©vel, a piacon keresztĂŒl megvalĂłsĂ­tani. A referenciapont-elmĂ©let az azonos kĂ©rdĂ©sek megvĂĄlaszolĂĄsĂĄra törekvƑ hiĂĄnyos szerzƑdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©t Ă©rt kritika hatĂĄsĂĄra szĂŒletett meg, Ă©s sajĂĄt, Ășjonnan megfogalmazott feltĂ©telrendszerĂ©t szĂĄmos ponton ötvözi a hiĂĄnyos szerzƑdĂ©sek hipotĂ©ziseivel, ugyanakkor bizonyĂ­tĂĄsai sorĂĄn felhasznĂĄlja a standard közgazdasĂĄgi irĂĄnyzat több eszközĂ©t is. A cikk a friss eredmĂ©nyek bemutatĂĄsa mellett megkĂ­sĂ©rli elƑre becsĂŒlni a referenciapont-elmĂ©let vĂĄrhatĂł jövƑbeli fejlƑdĂ©si irĂĄnyait is. ____ The concept of reference points was established slightly more than five years ago, and it deals with the same boundary of firm related questions as the incomplete contract theory. The present review shows the most important journals and research papers in this field. Reference point theory arose out of a criticism of some of the elements of incomplete contract theory. Reference point theory combines newly- formulated hypotheses with some of the assumptions of incomplete contracts. The theory also uses some of the proving tools of standard economics. The author’s study not only shows the main results of the reference point theory, but it also tries to predict some possible future developments within the theory

    VĂ©gtelen sokszor ismĂ©telt kiszerzƑdĂ©s (Infinitely repeated outsourcing)

    Get PDF
    A cikk a kormĂĄnyzat Ă©s a vĂĄllalat közti vĂ©gtelen sokszor ismĂ©telt kiszerzƑdĂ©sekkel foglalkozik. VizsgĂĄlati eszköztĂĄrĂĄt a nem teljes szerzƑdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©bƑl kölcsönzi. A szakirodalmat felhasznĂĄlva megmutatja, hogy lĂ©tezik olyan fenyegetĂ©si stratĂ©gia, köznapi szĂłhasznĂĄlattal az adott szabĂĄlyok esetĂ©n mindkĂ©t fĂ©l szĂĄmĂĄra sajĂĄt Ă©rdekĂ©ben betartandĂł stratĂ©gia, ahol mind a vĂĄllalat, mind a kormĂĄnyzat beruhĂĄzĂĄsĂĄnak Ă©rtĂ©ke a tĂĄrsadalmilag optimĂĄlis nagysĂĄg. BebizonyĂ­tja, hogy annĂĄl valĂłszĂ­nƱbb, hogy mind a kormĂĄnyzat, mind a vĂĄllalat a tĂĄrsadalmilag optimĂĄlis beruhĂĄzĂĄsi szintet valĂłsĂ­tja meg, minĂ©l nagyobb annak az esĂ©lye, hogy az adott vĂĄllalat kapja meg a következƑ periĂłdusban is az ismĂ©tlƑdƑ munkafeladatot. FelhĂ­vja a figyelmet a szabĂĄlyozĂł felelƑssĂ©gĂ©re az Ășjabb szerzƑdĂ©s valĂłszĂ­nƱsĂ©gĂ©nek indirekt meghatĂĄrozĂĄsĂĄban. ____ The paper analyses the inÂŻnitely repeated contracts between the government and a firm. Methods from the incomplete contract theory are used for this analysis. Based on the literature, it is shown that there exist a trigger strategy, when both the government and the firm deploy the socially optimal amount of investment. The paper proves that the greater the chance that an excellently accomplished firm receives a new contract the higher is the probability that both actors' investments are on the socially optimal level. The regulator has a great liability in establishing indirectly the chance of receiving a new contract opportunity

    Regional innovation: State of the art in the Észak-alföld region

    Get PDF
    Innovation and innovation performance is gaining increasing importance in European policy, as the targets determined by the Lisbon priorities related to innovation seem to be still far away from the reality in some European countries and at EU level as well. Although the economic crisis determined the priorities of economic development and made it more complicated to dedicate more budget of Research and Development, one of the five ambitious objectives of the EU’s growth strategy for the coming decade: Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth is still focusing on innovation. As the Lisbon Strategy determined the paths for national targets in the given areas, Europe 2020 will be adopted as well by the Member States. In this context, the current work would like to give a short overview how Lisbon Strategy effected the national and regional innovation system in Hungary and will analyze its impact on Észak-Alföld’s region Research, Development and Innovation performance in the recent years and the transition of regional innovation governance system

    Az alacsony magyarorszĂĄgi termĂ©kenysĂ©g Ășj megközelĂ­tĂ©sben

    Get PDF
    A szerzƑk a magyar termĂ©kenysĂ©gi helyzet alakulĂĄsĂĄt vizsgĂĄljĂĄk 1960 (az adatok elĂ©rhetƑsĂ©ge következtĂ©ben bizonyos esetekben 1970) Ă©s 2011 között. MegmutatjĂĄk, hogy a visegrĂĄdi orszĂĄgok termĂ©kenysĂ©gi mutatĂłinak trendje nagyon hasonlĂ­t egymĂĄshoz. ElemzĂ©sĂŒkhöz a teljes termĂ©kenysĂ©gi arĂĄnyszĂĄm mellett a Boongarts– Feeney-fĂ©le ĂŒtem szerint kiigazĂ­tott termĂ©kenysĂ©gi rĂĄtĂĄt is felhasznĂĄljĂĄk, melynek segĂ­tsĂ©gĂ©vel bebizonyĂ­tjĂĄk, hogy a romlĂł helyzetkĂ©p ellenĂ©re sem olyan rossz a magyarorszĂĄgi termĂ©kenysĂ©g. FelhĂ­vjĂĄk a figyelmet a gyermekvĂĄllalĂĄsi döntĂ©s kitolĂłdĂĄsĂĄnak hatĂĄsĂĄra, Ă©s feltĂĄrjĂĄk a halasztĂĄs, valamint a teljes termĂ©kenysĂ©gi arĂĄnyszĂĄm Ă©rtĂ©kei közötti kapcsolatot
    • 

    corecore