1,158 research outputs found
Gender, Work and Employment in Ten Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Final Report. Country: Hungary
The Hungarian media shows very contradictory pictures of women today: Successful career women enjoying material well-being is one picture, while the careful mother not working outside the home, keeping together the family is another one. Between these two contradictory poles there are almost no other female actors in the media. Life produces something different. In spite of the fact that there was a big loss of jobs in 1990s, and womenâs activity rate decreased while the unemployment rate increased compared to before the 1990s, woman with duel roles are still accepted and common. The first female task is looking after the family and the second one is working outside the home and earning money. In many cases there is a third role: studying in distant or evening courses.
In the next chapters we go deeper into this topic. We analyse the different aspects of female labour market positions, and show some relevant characteristics of governmental parental benefits and childcare support, and examine how the new pension system effects women. We also have a quick look at trade unions and show their lack of activity around gender issues.
In the labour market analysis of the position of women we use labour force surveys, institution-based labour statistics, and unemployment registers. The Appendix 1 contains short descriptions of these data sources
Multifunctional attributes of endophytic Pseudomonas strains isolated from the leaves of medicinal plants
Endophytic bacteria are responsible for improved plant growth due to its role in nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization etc and in plant protection through various mechanisms and production of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the plant growth promoting potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants namely, Adulsa, Amla, Bael, Kadamb, Mango, Neem, Tulsi. Endophytic bacteria isolated from the medicinal plants, comprised of 68% Gram positive and 29% Gram negative bacteria. Seventeen distinctly unique Gram-negative endophytes were selected for further analysis. The selected endophytes were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. The multifarious endophytes were capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, production of antimicrobial compounds and aromatic compound degradation. Some of the endophytic strains were found to harbor plasmids that may play a role in aromatic compound degradation. This study emphasizes the potential of endophytic Pseudomonas species in enhancing plant growth and plant protection
A felsĆoktatĂĄs lehetsĂ©ges lĂ©tszĂĄmpĂĄlyĂĄi MagyarorszĂĄgon
A tanulmĂĄny kĂŒlönbözĆ pĂĄlyĂĄkat feltĂ©telezve mutatja
be a magyar felsĆoktatĂĄsi lĂ©tszĂĄm lehetsĂ©ges alakulĂĄsĂĄt.
Valamennyi pĂĄlya kapcsolĂłdik a demogrĂĄfiai
folyamatokhoz, de az aktuĂĄlis korosztĂĄly kĂŒlönbözĆ
arĂĄnyĂș felsĆoktatĂĄsi rĂ©szvĂ©telĂ©vel szĂĄmol. A
2011/2012-es tanév hallgatói létszåmåt csak azon a pålyån
lehetséges többé-kevésbé fenntartani, mely évi
0,3 szĂĄzalĂ©kos hallgatĂłi arĂĄnyszĂĄmbĆvĂŒlĂ©st feltĂ©telez.
A hallgatĂłk szĂĄma befolyĂĄsolja a majdani idĆsebb
korosztĂĄlyokban a felsĆoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©ggel rendelkezĆk
arånyåt. A cikkben bemutatott, és a megfigyelésszåm
miatt Ăłvatosan kezelendĆ egyenlet azt sejteti,
hogy jogosak a hazai felsĆoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©gƱek arĂĄnyĂĄra
vonatkozó elképzelések. A Széll Kålmån-terv
szerint ugyanis 2020-ban a 30â34 Ă©ves korosztĂĄly 30,3
szĂĄzalĂ©ka rendelkezik majd felsĆfokĂș vĂ©gzettsĂ©ggel,
szemben a 40 szåzalékos európai uniós elvåråsokkal.
A szerzĆ ĂĄltal bemutatott modellben mĂ©g a felsĆ becslĂ©s
is több mint 5 szåzalékponttal alatta marad a 40
szĂĄzalĂ©kos Ă©rtĂ©knek. A felsĆoktatĂĄsi korĂș fiatalok
szĂĄmĂĄnak nagyarĂĄnyĂș csökkenĂ©se ugyanakkor egy törtĂ©nelmi
lehetĆsĂ©get is magĂĄban rejt: anĂ©lkĂŒl lehetne
megnövelni a lakossåg körében a diplomåsok arånyåt,
hogy bĆvĂteni kellene a felsĆoktatĂĄs kapacitĂĄsĂĄt. ElegendĆ
lenne a jelenlegi hallgatói létszåm fenntartåsa,
mely hosszĂș tĂĄvon a felsĆoktatĂĄsi vĂ©gzettsĂ©gi arĂĄnyok
növekedését eredményezné
A fundamentĂĄlis transzformĂĄciĂł Ă©s a referenciapont szerepe a hiĂĄnyos szerzĆdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©ben (The role of basic transformation and reference point in the theory of incomplete contracts)
A cikk Oliver Hart Ă©s szerzĆtĂĄrsai modelljeinek következtetĂ©seit hasonlĂtja össze Williamson tranzakciĂłs költsĂ©gekre vonatkozĂł nĂ©zeteivel. Megmutatja, hogy a kĂ©t irĂĄnyzat a vĂĄllalat vagy piac kĂ©rdĂ©skörĂ©ben mĂĄs eszközöket hasznĂĄl, de hasonlĂłan Ă©rvel. MegismerkedhetĂŒnk Williamson Harttal szemben megfogalmazott azon kritikĂĄjĂĄval, hogy Hart modelljeiben az alkunak nincsenek tranzakciĂłs költsĂ©gei, illetve a kritika kritikĂĄjĂĄval is. Hart elkĂ©pzelĂ©seit tĂĄmasztja alĂĄ a tulajdonjogi irĂĄnyzaton belĂŒl nemrĂ©giben kialakult referenciapont-elmĂ©let, amely kĂsĂ©rleti lehetĆsĂ©geket is nyĂșjt a kĂŒlönbözĆ feltĂ©telezĂ©sek igazolĂĄsĂĄra. ____ The article compares the conclusions from the models of Oliver Hart et al. with the views of Williamson on transaction costs. It shows that the two schools use different means on the question of the firm or the market, but similar reasoning. The author covers Williamson's criticism of Hart that there are no transaction costs in his models, and also the criticism of that criticism. Hart's notions are supported by the recently developed theory of reference point within the property-right trend, which offers chances of experimental proof of the various assumptions
A referenciapont-elmĂ©let mint a hiĂĄnyos informĂĄciĂłjĂș szerzĆdĂ©sek gondolatkörĂ©nek Ășj irĂĄnyzata (The concept of âreference pointsâ as a new direction in the âincomplete contractâ theory)
A cikk az alig több mint öt Ă©ve szĂŒletett referenciapont-elmĂ©letet mutatja be, ismerteti Ă©s Ă©rtĂ©keli a tĂ©mĂĄban
eddig megjelent cikkeket és a nagyobb horderejƱ munkaanyagokat. A referenciapont-elmélet arra a
kérdésre keresi a vålaszt, hogy mi a vållalat optimålis mérete, és mikor érdemesebb a termelési kooperåciót
nem a vĂĄllalaton belĂŒl, a kĂŒlönbözĆ egysĂ©gek koordinĂĄciĂłjĂĄval megoldani, hanem kĂŒlsĆ vĂĄllalatok segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel, a piacon keresztĂŒl megvalĂłsĂtani. A referenciapont-elmĂ©let az azonos kĂ©rdĂ©sek megvĂĄlaszolĂĄsĂĄra
törekvĆ hiĂĄnyos szerzĆdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©t Ă©rt kritika hatĂĄsĂĄra szĂŒletett meg, Ă©s sajĂĄt, Ășjonnan megfogalmazott
feltĂ©telrendszerĂ©t szĂĄmos ponton ötvözi a hiĂĄnyos szerzĆdĂ©sek hipotĂ©ziseivel, ugyanakkor bizonyĂtĂĄsai sorĂĄn
felhasznålja a standard közgazdasågi irånyzat több eszközét is. A cikk a friss eredmények bemutatåsa
mellett megkĂsĂ©rli elĆre becsĂŒlni a referenciapont-elmĂ©let vĂĄrhatĂł jövĆbeli fejlĆdĂ©si irĂĄnyait is. ____ The concept of reference points was established slightly more than five years ago, and it deals with the same boundary of firm related questions as the incomplete
contract theory. The present review shows the most
important journals and research papers in this field.
Reference point theory arose out of a criticism of some
of the elements of incomplete contract theory. Reference
point theory combines newly- formulated hypotheses
with some of the assumptions of incomplete contracts.
The theory also uses some of the proving tools
of standard economics. The authorâs study not only
shows the main results of the reference point theory,
but it also tries to predict some possible future developments
within the theory
VĂ©gtelen sokszor ismĂ©telt kiszerzĆdĂ©s (Infinitely repeated outsourcing)
A cikk a kormĂĄnyzat Ă©s a vĂĄllalat közti vĂ©gtelen sokszor ismĂ©telt kiszerzĆdĂ©sekkel foglalkozik. VizsgĂĄlati eszköztĂĄrĂĄt a nem teljes szerzĆdĂ©sek elmĂ©letĂ©bĆl kölcsönzi. A szakirodalmat felhasznĂĄlva megmutatja, hogy lĂ©tezik
olyan fenyegetési stratégia, köznapi szóhasznålattal az adott szabålyok esetén
mindkét fél szåmåra sajåt érdekében betartandó stratégia, ahol mind a vållalat,
mind a kormĂĄnyzat beruhĂĄzĂĄsĂĄnak Ă©rtĂ©ke a tĂĄrsadalmilag optimĂĄlis nagysĂĄg. BebizonyĂtja, hogy annĂĄl valĂłszĂnƱbb, hogy mind a kormĂĄnyzat, mind
a vĂĄllalat a tĂĄrsadalmilag optimĂĄlis beruhĂĄzĂĄsi szintet valĂłsĂtja meg, minĂ©l nagyobb annak az esĂ©lye, hogy az adott vĂĄllalat kapja meg a következĆ periĂłdusban is az ismĂ©tlĆdĆ munkafeladatot. FelhĂvja a figyelmet a szabĂĄlyozĂł
felelĆssĂ©gĂ©re az Ășjabb szerzĆdĂ©s valĂłszĂnƱsĂ©gĂ©nek indirekt meghatĂĄrozĂĄsĂĄban. ____ The paper analyses the inÂŻnitely repeated contracts between the government and
a firm. Methods from the incomplete contract theory are used for this analysis.
Based on the literature, it is shown that there exist a trigger strategy, when both
the government and the firm deploy the socially optimal amount of investment.
The paper proves that the greater the chance that an excellently accomplished firm
receives a new contract the higher is the probability that both actors' investments
are on the socially optimal level. The regulator has a great liability in establishing
indirectly the chance of receiving a new contract opportunity
Regional innovation: State of the art in the Ăszak-alföld region
Innovation and innovation performance is gaining increasing importance in European policy, as the targets determined by the Lisbon priorities related to innovation seem to be still far away from the reality in some European countries and at EU level as well. Although the economic crisis determined the priorities of economic development and made it more complicated to dedicate more budget of Research and Development, one of the five ambitious objectives of the EUâs growth strategy for the coming decade: Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth is still focusing on innovation. As the Lisbon Strategy determined the paths for national targets in the given areas, Europe 2020 will be adopted as well by the Member States. In this context, the current work would like to give a short overview how Lisbon Strategy effected the national and regional innovation system in Hungary and will analyze its impact on Ăszak-Alföldâs region Research, Development and Innovation performance in the recent years and the transition of regional innovation governance system
Az alacsony magyarorszĂĄgi termĂ©kenysĂ©g Ășj megközelĂtĂ©sben
A szerzĆk a magyar termĂ©kenysĂ©gi helyzet alakulĂĄsĂĄt
vizsgĂĄljĂĄk 1960 (az adatok elĂ©rhetĆsĂ©ge következtĂ©ben
bizonyos esetekben 1970) és 2011 között. Megmutatjåk,
hogy a visegrådi orszågok termékenységi mutatóinak
trendje nagyon hasonlĂt egymĂĄshoz. ElemzĂ©sĂŒkhöz
a teljes termĂ©kenysĂ©gi arĂĄnyszĂĄm mellett a Boongartsâ
Feeney-fĂ©le ĂŒtem szerint kiigazĂtott termĂ©kenysĂ©gi rĂĄtĂĄt
is felhasznĂĄljĂĄk, melynek segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel bebizonyĂtjĂĄk,
hogy a romlĂł helyzetkĂ©p ellenĂ©re sem olyan rossz a magyarorszĂĄgi termĂ©kenysĂ©g. FelhĂvjĂĄk a figyelmet a
gyermekvållalåsi döntés kitolódåsånak hatåsåra, és feltårjåk
a halasztås, valamint a teljes termékenységi arånyszåm értékei közötti kapcsolatot
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