MODELING LAND DEGRADATION USING REMOTE SENSING DATA: THE CASE OF SEYHAN BASIN

Land degradation is a global barrier to ecological, economic and sustainable developments. Climate change, natural disasters, human activities may result changes in soil organic carbon content, land productivity and land use/cover. Climate change is accelerating and expanding these degraded areas. If land destruction is not minimized, cause increasing population, inappropriate land use, climate change and rapid depletion of natural resources etc. in the coming years. It is estimated that land degradation and desertification will be the most important environmental problems. Mapping of land degradation using remote sensing techniques; determining sensitive areas for land degradation and taking protection measures; sustainable management of natural resources, ensuring sustainable agricultural production, etc. are the key factors. This study was conducted in the Seyhan basin, which is suffer from soil loss processes, changes in land cover and land use. These indicators are; trends in land productivity dynamics, land cover change and change of soil organic carbon stocks. The data set utilized to reveal the land degradation was including; 1 km resolution Land Productivity from JRC GLOBAL (1999–2013) and 250 m resolution NDVI from MOD13Q1 (2000–2015), Land Cover ESA CCI's with 300 m resolution LC (2000–2015), SOC stock from LUCAS (JRC) with 250 m resolution, 2000–2018 data from CORINE. The land degradation of the Seyhan basin was mapped using the specified land degradation indicators together with the One Out All Out (1OAO) rule

DETERMINATION OF LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY WITH REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CORRELATION WITH DIFFERENT BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS: THE CASE OF BUYUK MENDERES BASIN

Due to the multidisciplinary nature of landscape research, there are different systems and methods for landscape identification and classification. The methodology of the study is based on landscape characterization, which is based on the pre-selection of geo-ecological and land-use related features of the landscape. For this purpose, landscape character types were identified using climate classes, land use/land cover (LULC), soil and morphological structure. In obtaining the LULC data, which is one of the major inputs of the study, 36-band images were created covering four seasons by producing NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index); LAI (Leaf Area Index); MSAVI2 (Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index); fCOVER (fraction of Cover); indices, which are important in determining LULC, together with the basebands in the remotely sensed Sentinel 2 satellite data. LAI is used to determine the amount of leaves per unit area; NDVI is used to determine the green areas in the area; fCOVER is used to determine the ratio of the study area to the area covered by vegetation, MSAVI2 is used to determine the amount of vegetation cover in the study area by using the soil reflectance correction factor (L). The phenological structure of the species was statistically determined with the indices derived from satellite images, and the bioclimatic condition and landscape character type were associated with the species

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveWe aim to examine infection risk and vaccine status of COVID-19 in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, and COVID-19-related factors on the infection status and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19. MethodsThis cross-sectional study assessed adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder recruited from an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patients and healthy controls completed a survey on sociodemographic data, COVID-19 infection status, and vaccine status. COVID-19 Disease Perception Scale, COVID-19 Avoidance Attitudes Scale, Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccine Scale, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Screening Scale for DSM-5, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale Symptoms Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied. ResultsNinety patients and 40 healthy controls participated. Patients did not differ from controls in COVID-19 infection and vaccine status, and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Patients scored higher than controls in the perception of COVID-19 as contagious (p = 0.038), cognitive avoidance of COVID-19 (p = 0.008), and positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.024). After adjustment of possible factors, a positive perception of the COVID-19 vaccine and a perception of COVID-19 as dangerous were the two factors significantly affecting behavioral avoidance of COVID-19 [R-2 = 0. 17, F(2) = 13.189, p < 0.0001]. ConclusionInfection and vaccine status of COVID-19 in patients did not significantly differ from controls. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Approximately four-fifths of the patients were fully vaccinated as recommended by national and global health organizations. This has increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and receiving the vaccine is endorsed by ADHD patients. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder itself may provoke no kind of mental disturbance in sense of perception of the danger of this disease. Our findings have increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and the actual practice of receiving the vaccine is endorsed in this population. Our message for practice would be to take into account not only the core symptoms and the comorbidities of the disorder but also the perception of the disease while exploring its link with COVID-19

Role of RNA-binding proteins Rbfox1l and Rbfox2 in neuronal development and behavior in zebrafish

Rbfox proteins are RNA-binding proteins that play a significant role in the alternative splicing of neuronal transcripts in the central nervous system (CNS). Rbfox proteins are required for proper brain development and function. In humans, RBFOX1 has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including autism, anxiety, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Rbfox2 is involved in cerebellar development in mammals. The zebrafish is used as a model system for studies in neurobiology given their neuroanatomical conservation with mammals, and remarkable capability to regenerate parts of their CNS. Rbfox1l (Rbfox1-like) and Rbfox2 have been identified in neurons of the adult zebrafish brain. Rbfox1l was found in a restricted population of dorsal telencephalic neurons, and Rbfox2 was found broadly throughout the brain. Both genes have been found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Utilizing antibody staining on zebrafish brain tissue sections, we will analyze expression of Rbfox1l and Rbfox2 at larval stages and stages leading up to adulthood. Furthermore, we will use rbfox1l and rbfox2 mutant zebrafish (in collaboration with Ohio State University) to better understand the role of rbfox1l in behavior and determine whether rbfox2 is necessary for the regeneration of the cerebellum. Understanding the role of the Rbfox proteins in neural development, regeneration, and behavior may lead to a substantial advancement in the research field and health care

Role of RNA-binding proteins Rbfox1l and Rbfox2 in neuronal development and behavior in zebrafish

Rbfox proteins are RNA-binding proteins that play a significant role in the alternative splicing of neuronal transcripts in the central nervous system (CNS). Rbfox proteins are required for proper brain development and function. In humans, RBFOX1 has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including autism, anxiety, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Rbfox2 is involved in cerebellar development in mammals. The zebrafish is used as a model system for studies in neurobiology given their neuroanatomical conservation with mammals, and remarkable capability to regenerate parts of their CNS. Rbfox1l (Rbfox1-like) and Rbfox2 have been identified in neurons of the adult zebrafish brain. Rbfox1l was found in a restricted population of dorsal telencephalic neurons, and Rbfox2 was found broadly throughout the brain. Both genes have been found in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Utilizing antibody staining on zebrafish brain tissue sections, we will analyze expression of Rbfox1l and Rbfox2 at larval stages and stages leading up to adulthood. Furthermore, we will use rbfox1l and rbfox2 mutant zebrafish (in collaboration with Ohio State University) to better understand the role of rbfox1l in behavior and determine whether rbfox2 is necessary for the regeneration of the cerebellum. Understanding the role of the Rbfox proteins in neural development, regeneration, and behavior may lead to a substantial advancement in the research field and health care

Spatial and temporal evaluation of soil erosion in Turkey under climate change scenarios using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model

The impacts of climate change on soil erosion are mainly caused by the changes in the amount and intensity of rainfall and rising temperature. The combination of rainfall and temperature change is likely to be accompanied by negative or positive variations in agricultural and forest management. Turkey contains vast fertile plains, high mountain chains and semi-arid lands, with a climate that ranges from marine to continental and therefore is susceptible to soil erosion under climate change, particularly on high gradients and in semi-arid areas. This study aims to model the soil erosion risk under climate change scenarios in Turkey using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Assessment (PESERA) model, predicting the likely effects of land use/cover and climate change on sediment transport and soil erosion in the country. For this purpose, PESERA was applied to estimate the monthly and annual soil loss for 12 land use/cover types in Turkey. The model inputs included 128 variables derived from soil, climate, land use/cover and topography data. The total soil loss from the land surface is speculated to be approximately 285.5 million tonnes per year. According to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report of four climate change scenarios, the total soil losses were predicted as 308.9, 323.5, 320.3 and 355.3 million tonnes for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively from 2060 to 2080. The predicted amounts of fertile soil loss from agricultural land in a year were predicted to be 55.5 million tonnes at present, and 62.7, 59.9, 61.7 and 58.1 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 respectively. This confirms that approximately 30% of the total erosion occurs over the agricultural lands. In this respect, degraded forests, scrub and arable lands were subjected to the highest erosion rate (68%) of the total, whereas, fruit trees and berry plantations reflected the lowest erosion rates. Low soil organic carbon, sparse vegetation cover and variable climatic conditions significantly enhanced the erosion of the cultivated lands by primarily removing the potential food for organisms. Finally, process-based models offer a valuable resource for decision-makers when improving environmental management schemes and also decrease uncertainty when considering risks

One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) - a new method for lymph node staging in colorectal carcinomas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accurate histopathological evaluation of resected lymph nodes (LN) is essential for the reliable staging of colorectal carcinomas (CRC). With conventional sectioning and staining techniques usually only parts of the LN are examined which might lead to incorrect tumor staging. A molecular method called OSNA (One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification) may be suitable to determine the metastatic status of the complete LN and therefore improve staging.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>OSNA is based on a short homogenisation step and subsequent automated amplification of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) mRNA directly from the sample lysate, with result available in 30-40 minutes. In this study 184 frozen LN from 184 patients with CRC were investigated by both OSNA and histology (Haematoxylin & Eosin staining and CK19 immunohistochemistry), with half of the LN used for each method. Samples with discordant results were further analysed by RT-PCR for CK19 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The concordance rate between histology and OSNA was 95.7%. Three LN were histology+/OSNA- and 5 LN histology-/OSNA+. RT-PCR supported the OSNA result in 3 discordant cases, suggesting that metastases were exclusively located in either the tissue analysed by OSNA or the tissue used for histology. If these samples were excluded the concordance was 97.2%, the sensitivity 94.9%, and the specificity 97.9%. Three patients (3%) staged as UICC I or II by routine histopathology were upstaged as LN positive by OSNA. One of these patients developed distant metastases (DMS) during follow up.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>OSNA is a new and reliable method for molecular staging of lymphatic metastases in CRC and enables the examination of whole LN. It can be applied as a rapid diagnostic tool to estimate tumour involvement in LN during the staging of CRC.</p

Systematic genetic testing for recessively inherited monogenic diabetes: a cross-sectional study in paediatric diabetes clinics

Data availability: The datasets supporting the current study have not been deposited in a public repository due to institutional ethics restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on request.This is the final version. Available from Springer via the DOI in this record. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Current clinical guidelines for childhood-onset monogenic diabetes outside infancy are mainly focused on identifying and testing for dominantly inherited, predominantly MODY genes. There are no systematic studies of the recessively inherited causes of monogenic diabetes that are likely to be more common in populations with high rates of consanguinity. We aimed to determine the contribution of recessive causes of monogenic diabetes in paediatric diabetes clinics and to identify clinical criteria by which to select individuals for recessive monogenic diabetes testing. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1093 children from seven paediatric diabetes clinics across Turkey (a population with high rates of consanguinity). We undertook genetic testing of 50 known dominant and recessive causes of monogenic diabetes for 236 children at low risk of type 1 diabetes. As a comparison, we used monogenic diabetes cases from UK paediatric diabetes clinics (a population with low rates of consanguinity). RESULTS: Thirty-four children in the Turkish cohort had monogenic diabetes, equating to a minimal prevalence of 3.1%, similar to that in the UK cohort (p = 0.40). Forty-one per cent (14/34) had autosomal recessive causes in contrast to 1.6% (2/122) in the UK monogenic diabetes cohort (p 10%) assisted the identification of the dominant (all p ≤ 0.0003) but not recessive cases (all p ≥ 0.2) in Turkey. The presence of certain non-autoimmune extra-pancreatic features greatly assisted the identification of recessive (p < 0.0001, OR 66.9) but not dominant cases. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Recessively inherited mutations are a common cause of monogenic diabetes in populations with high rates of consanguinity. Present MODY-focused genetic testing strategies do not identify affected individuals. To detect all cases of monogenic paediatric diabetes, it is crucial that recessive genes are included in genetic panels and that children are selected for testing if they have certain non-autoimmune extra-pancreatic features in addition to current criteria.Wellcome TrustRoyal SocietyNational Institute for Health Researc

Curcumin Enhances Neurogenesis and Cognition in Aged Rats: Implications for Transcriptional Interactions Related to Growth and Synaptic Plasticity

Background: Curcumin has been demonstrated to have many neuroprotective properties, including improvement of cognition in humans and neurogenesis in animals, yet the mechanism of such effects remains unclear. Methodology: We assessed behavioural performance and hippocampal cell proliferation in aged rats after 6- and 12-week curcumin-fortified diets. Curcumin enhanced non-spatial and spatial memory, as well as dentate gyrate cell proliferation as compared to control diet rats. We also investigated underlying mechanistic pathways that might link curcumin treatment to increased cognition and neurogenesis via exon array analysis of cortical and hippocampal mRNA transcription. The results revealed a transcriptional network interaction of genes involved in neurotransmission, neuronal development, signal transduction, and metabolism in response to the curcumin treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest a neurogenesis- and cognition-enhancing potential of prolonged curcumin treatment i