Ethnographic exploration of the lived experiences of Algerian British immigrants in the UK

The Algerian community in the United Kingdom is under-studied, and the existing studies have tackled it mainly within the refugee framework, which reflects the history of Algerian immigration to the UK. Adding to this existing scholarship, this research explores ethnographically the lived experiences of Algerian British individuals as dual nationals and the meaning they give to their dual national belonging. The present qualitative research occupies an academic interdisciplinary position and adds to the existing literature of migration studies, transnationalism, feminism, gender studies, and ethnography. The data generated in this thesis made use of the inductive approach of ethnography, immersion in fieldwork with research participants who are first generation Algerian British male and female adults, qualitative interviews, participant observation and fieldnotes. To explore the objectives of this research, fieldwork was conducted in London in two main sites. One is a public space, of a ‘non-ordinary’ nature which was in the form of protest demonstrations or what has been called el-Hirak, where the participants were Algerian British, and the other site is a non-public space in ‘an ordinary’ circumstance, a form of social gatherings organised by Algerian British females. Using different techniques of recruiting, the sample size in this research was around 70, where the number of potential participants was 18. The findings of this research demonstrated that the lived experiences of dual nationals can be given meaning at different levels (politically, culturally and socially). These meanings were complex, ambivalent, and mostly characterised with research participants’ subjectivity, personal motives, gender, and socio-cultural backgrounds where their experiences were nested. Holders of dual citizenship undergo a series of criticisms as being a problematic category challenging the ideals of the nation-state, mainly in relation to loyalty, and their ability to simultaneously take part in the political affairs of two states. However, this PhD’s findings have shown Algerian British individuals were transnationally navigating without great difficulty membership of the two states, and the simultaneous membership was complementary at different levels

Long-Memory Models in Testing the Efficiency Market Hypothesis of the Algerian Exchange Market

The purpose of this study is to examine the Efficiency Market Hypothesis (EMH) from the perspective of the Algerian exchange rate market. We apply different tests of dependence, long memory, volatility clustering and unit root tests over the three main Algerian exchange rate returns series vis–à-vis the US Dollar, the Euro, and the British Pound. Empirical findings suggest that combined Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA)-Fractionally Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (FIGARCH) models were the most appropriate to represent the behavior of exchange rate returns. We also compare the predictive qualities of the estimated models and the Random Walk (RW) in terms of out-of-sample forecasting. The results are held to imply the rejection of the EMH in the Algerian exchange rate market. Therefore, the exchange rates fluctuations can be predicted, which may help public authorities intervene in the exchange market and assess the consequences of different economic policies

Synthesis of heteraromatic by homogeneous catalysis and study of their complexation

L'arylation directe catalysée par un métal de transition par clivage des liaisons C-H a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives en synthèse organique, en particulier grâce à l’utilisation de catalyseurs homogènes.Les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans ce contexte.Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé cette méthode d'arylation des liaisons C-H catalysée par le palladium avec des produits pharmaceutiques tels que le bifonazole, le Climbazole et le Prochloraz à based’imidazole. En présence du catalyseur Pd (OAc) 2 sans phosphine. Les bromures d'aryle sont efficacement couplés en position C5 des unités imidazole .La réaction d'arylation des liaisons C-H s'est produite sans affecter l'intégrité de la structure chimique des produits à base d'imidazole. De plus, avec le bifonazole, une diarylation des liaisons C-H aux positions C2 et C5 de l'unité imidazole a également été réalisée.Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons rapporté l'arylation de la liaison C-H catalysée par le Pd ou le Ru à la position ortho de l'unité aryle des 2-arylpyrazines. La réaction se déroule avec une régiosélectivité complète en utilisant Pd (OAc)2 ou [RuCl2(p-cymène]2 sans phosphine, cette réaction n'est pas sensible à la substitution par la pyrazine. Choisissant le système catalytique approprié, une grande variété de bromures d'aryle riches et pauvres en électrons, y compris des dérivés de bromopyridine, a été utilisée avec succès.En dernière partie, Nous avons exploréde nouveaux complexes d'iridium (III) cationiques cyclométallisés de type 2-phénylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine pour l'arylation de la liaison C–H palladocatalysée. La réaction a eu lieu de manière régiosélective en position C3 du ligand cyclométallé. De plus, un exemple de π-extension utilisant le 1-bromo-2-iodobenzène a été démontré.The direct arylation catalyzed by a transition metal by cleavage of C-H bondshas opened up new perspectives in organic synthesis, in particular through the use of a homogeneous catalyst. The work done during this thesis is part of this context.The work carried out during this thesis falls within this context. In a first step, we use this method of arylation of C-H bonds catalyzed by palladium to pharmaceuticals such as bifonazole, Climbazole and Prochloraz based on imidazole.In the presence of phosphine-free Pd (OAc) 2 catalyst, aryl bromides are efficiently coupled at the C5-position of the imidazole units, which are widely decorated. Under these conditions, only C − H bond arylation reaction occurred without affecting the integrity of chemical structure of the imidazole-based pharmaceuticals. Moreover, with BifonazolePd-catalyzed C − H bond diarylation at the C2- and C5-positions of imidazole unit has also been performed.In the second part, we report the Pd- or Ru-catalyzed C–H bond arylation at the ortho position of the aryl unit of 2-arylpyrazines. The reaction proceeds with complete regioselectivity using phosphine-free Pd(OAc)2or [RuCl2(p-cymene]2, this reaction is not sensitive to the pyrazine substitution. By selecting the proper catalytic system, a wide variety of electron-rich and -poor (hetero)aryl bromides, including bromopyridine derivatives, hasbeen successfully employed.In the last part, we explore new complex of iridium (III) cationic cyclometallized type 2-phenylimidazo [1,2-a] pyridine for the arylationof the C-H bond palladocatalyzed. The reaction is regioselective at the C3 position of the cyclometallic ligand. In addition, an example of π-extension using 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene has been demonstrated

Measuring the Technical Efficiency of Railways in Developing Countries: A Two Stage- Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تقييم مستوى الكفاءة الفنية لشركات النقل بالسكك الحديدية لعينة من البلدان النامية خلال الفترة الزمنية الممتدة من 2013 إلى 2018. نطبق تقنية التحليل المغلف للبيانات بمقاربة Bootstrap على نموذج ذو توجه مدخلي تحت فرضية عائد السلم المتغير. بصفة عامة، تشير نتائج الدراسة إلى ان تطبيق تقنية التحليل المغلف للبيانات بمقاربة Bootstrap تمكننا من تقدير مستويات اكثر اتساقا و واقعيتا للكفاءة الفنية مقارنة بالمقاربة التقليدية. بحيث أظهرت النتائج ان شركات النقل بالسكك الحديدية للعينة المدروسة تعتبر كفؤة في حدود 56,1 %  على المتوسط، مما يعكس قدرة شركات النقل على تخفيض ما نسبته 43,9 % من مواردها المتاحة و في نفس الوقت تحقيق مستويات اعلى من الإنتاج. كما اشارت النتائج الى ان مستويات الكفاءة متفاوتة بين شركات النقل قيد الدراسة و ان معظمها شهد تدهورا في مستوى الأداء خلال الفترة المدروسة مع تسجيل تذبذب في تطور الكفاءة الفنية لبعض الشركات خلال الفترات الوسطى.This paper aims at measuring the technical efficiency of selected railways operating in developing countries over the period 2013-2018. We apply the Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis DEA to an Input-Output oriented model under Variable Return on Scale. In general, the findings suggest that the bootstrapping technique provides more consistent and realistic efficiency estimates, in contrast with the conventional DEA. In fact, the results show a technical efficiency score of 56,1 % for the sample which indicates that the observed railways could potentially reduce the usage of its inputs by 43,9 % on average  and reach high levels of production at the same time. We also notice the existence of significant gaps in technical efficiency across the observed railways. Finally, the results show a performance decline in most of the railways during the period of analysis with shifts representing occasional back and forth developments for other railways in the middle periods

La question de l'énergie et de l'environnement dans les équipements agricoles

Fiche techniqueLa maîtrise de l'énergie et le respect de l'environnement sont des thématiques désormais placées au c½ur des préoccupations de notre société. Ceci est d'autant plus vrai dans le domaine agricole, en lien direct avec les ressources naturelles. En pratique, l'agriculture doit beaucoup au machinisme qui a permis de modifier les pratiques agricoles et augmenter les rendements de production. Aujourd'hui, les charges liées à la mécanisation représentent près de 6 % des bilans économiques des exploitations. La perspective d'une augmentation des charges, liée à la hausse du prix des carburants, contraint donc les différents acteurs du machinisme à imaginer des scénarios de développement de machines et pratiques plus économes en carburant. A l'heure actuelle, on dispose d'une information relativement agrégée sur les quantités de carburant utilisées et les émissions polluantes associées au secteur de l'agriculture. Ces estimations sont réalisées dans le cadre d'inventaires nationaux. Mais on manque de données plus précises pour orienter efficacement une politique de maîtrise des consommations d'énergie. L'objet de cet article est de fournir des éléments synthétiques sur la consommation de carburants du matériel agricole dans les exploitations. En partant du total national, on affecte des quantités de carburant utilisé par les tracteurs agricoles en inversant la méthode classique d'inventaire. Ce faisant, on présente ainsi les ordres de grandeurs estimés sur le parc de machines et son fonctionnement, qui sont comparés à d'autres valeurs internationales. Cela nous permet ainsi de discuter des éléments qui nous permettraient d'améliorer la précision des enquêtes et d'envisager les méthodes à mettre en ½uvre pour étudier des scénarios prospectifs sur les équipements en matériels agricoles

Palladium-Ruthenium Catalyst Complementarity Strengthens Ortho-Directed C-H Bond Arylation of 2-Arylpyrazines

International audienceWe report the Pd- or Ru-catalyzed C-H bond arylation at the ortho-position of the aryl unit of 2-arylpyrazines. The reaction proceeds with complete regioselectivity using phosphine-free Pd(OAc)(2) or [RuCl2(p-cymene](2) as the catalysts and potassium acetate as an inexpensive base. In all cases, the mono-arylation of 2-arylpyrazines was obtained even with 2,3-diphenylpyrazine. Moreover, the reaction is not sensitive to the pyrazine substitution. By selecting the proper catalytic system, a wide variety of electron-rich and -poor (hetero)aryl bromides, including bromopyridine derivatives, has been successfully employed

Comment déterminer la consommation des automoteurs agricoles ?

Afin d'orienter efficacement une politique de maîtrise des consommations d'énergie en agriculture, il est essentiel de disposer de données synthétiques sur la consommation de carburants du matériel agricole dans les exploitations. Les auteurs nous présentent ici des estimations de consommation obtenues à partir de deux approches différentes : une approche centrée sur la machine et une approche agronomique du travail mécanisé

Effective Tools for the Metal-catalyzed Regiodivergent Direct Arylations of (Hetero)arenes

International audienceThe direct functionalization of two different C-H bonds of the same organic molecule using different procedures - also called regiodivergent C-H bond functionalization - currently represents an important research topic in organic chemistry, as it demonstrates the versatility of C-H bond functionalization methodology. Over the last decade, the number of tools to control such regiodivergent C-H bond functionalizations has increased significantly. In this account, we will present the various tools that allowed us to arylate different positions of various (hetero)arenes, via a C-H bond functionalization, using palladium or ruthenium catalysis

Late-Stage Diversification of Imidazole-Based Pharmaceuticals through Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective C-H Bond Arylations

International audiencePalladium-catalyzed C-H bond arylation of imidazoles has been applied to pharmaceuticals such as Bifonazole, Climbazole, and Prochloraz. In the presence of phosphine-free Pd(OAc)(2) catalyst, aryl bromides are efficiently coupled at the CS-position of the imidazole units, which are widely decorated. Under these conditions, only C-H bond arylation reaction occurred without affecting the integrity of chemical structure of the imidazole-based pharmaceuticals. Moreover, with Bifonazole Pd-catalyzed C-H bond diarylation at the C2- and C5-positions of imidazole unit has also been performed