Influence of the lamination on the redundancy of a horizontally layered glass element and analysis of the debonding of the adhesive interlayer

International audienceIt is now recognized that lamination enables to increase the redundancy of glass elements. This paper aims to quantify the possibilities of delamination between panes as well as the increase of redundancy for a horizontally layered glass element thanks to an analytical approach combined with a numerical modeling. From an analytical point of view, new procedures have been defined, taking into account the shear-lag effect as well as the mean curvature of the various adherents. The equilibrium of an infinitesimal element of the laminated structure has enabled to evaluate the interfacial stresses responsible for debonding phenomena. Based on this first approach and on the values of the interfacial stresses, a FE numerical simulation has been calibrated. This calibration is extended in two ways. First, the nonlinear behavior of the material is considered. A smeared crack approach is used to take into account the glass mechanical behavior. Then, a local debonding model involving the use of normal and shear springs is proposed at the interface between two glass panes. The mechanical behaviors of the springs are calibrated by simulating existing tension adhesion tests. Finally, by considering various structural cases, this work concludes that the debonding of the interface is a possibility and discusses its influence on the redundancy of the considered laminated structure

Typologie du zircon des granitoïdes de Bouskour et d'Ougnat (Saghro, Anti-Atlas, Maroc) : Comparaison et signification géodynamique Zircon typology of Bouskour and Ougnat granitoids (Saghro, Anti-Atlas, Morocco) : comparison and geodynamic implication

International audienceLes granitoïdes de Bouskour et de l'Ougnat (Saghro, Anti-Atlas) représentent respectivement les intrusions les plus proches et les plus éloignées par rapport à l'accident majeur de l'Anti-Atlas. Ils sont composés à Bouskour de diorite quartzique, de granodiorite à amphibole et de granite à biotite et à Ougnat de diorite quartzique, de granodiorite à amphibole/biotite et de granite à grenat. La typologie du zircon appliquée à ces granitoïdes montre l'existence de trois tendances magmatiques dans les deux boutonnières. Une tendance granodioritique ou moyennement potassique représentée par les diorites quartziques et les granodiorites dans ces deux ensembles et une tendance calco-alcaline plus potassique représentée par le granite à biotite à Bouskour. Ces deux suites possèdent une origine hybride croûte-manteau. Le granite à grenat de l'Ougnat représente la troisième tendance avec une origine plutôt crustale. Cette répartition montre que le composant crustal augmente depuis Bouskour jusqu'à l'Ougnat impliquant un épaississement crustal au niveau de Saghro au cours du Néoprotérozoïque. Both the Bouskour and the Ougnat granitoids belong to Sahgro intrusions, which are near and far from the major Anti-Atlas accident respectively. These complexes are composed of quartz diorite, amphibole granodiorite and garnet granite in Bouskour, and quartz diorite, amphibole/biotite granodiorite and garnet granite in Ougnat hills. Zircon typology in these granitoids shows three magmatic trends. First, a medium-K calc-alkaline granodiorite trend formed by quartz diorites and amphibole granodiorites in both complexes. Second, the biotite granites of Bouskour record a high-K calc-alkaline trend. Both trends have a hybrid mantle-crust origin. Garnet granite represents the third trend with a crustal origin. These signatures recorded by the Saghro granitoids suggest crustal thickening during the Neoproterozoic

Using Qualitative Study and GIS to Explore Road Accident Black Areas in Algeria

This work aims to explore black areas identification through a qualitative methodology based mainly on a series of questionnaires and interviews and by a development of a geographical information system on the road accidents in studied area. The road user, particularly the driver, is generally considered as the first person in charge in the case of accident, while his opinion is rarely joined into the establishment of the solutions to the problems of the road insecurity. Considering needs for the treatment of black areas, problems of the lack of data on the accidents, the different advantages that suggests the concept of participation and the feasibility integrating the road users into the analysis of the road safety. The Qualitative study aims at supplying with the accessibility for the users of the road to indicate the places of male performances of safety according to their feeling and of them the experience. The approach by the GIS aims at first to establish road accidents on the studied site by associating data of different nature and then to make a spatial analysis via ArcGis tool. The study area is a section of national road Highway RN6 of 38 Kms (from the PK00 to the PK38) which across the wilaya of Mascara. it is considered a potentially dangerous stretch in terms of road insafety. The results of this study show that the road users are the daily witnesses on the degree of the danger which presents their usual territory: the road. They can, therefore, to be the complementary information source for the localization of zones at high risk on the road network traveled daily

An investigation of the thermodynamic effect on the response of FG beam on elastic foundation

International audienceThis study presents an analytical approach to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of functionally graded beam resting on elastic foundations. The formulation is based on a refined deformation theory taking into consideration the stretching effect and the type of elastic foundation. The displacement field used in the present refined theory contains undetermined integral forms and involves only three unknowns to derive. The mechanical characteristics of the beam are assumed to be varied across the thickness according to a simple exponential law distribution. The beam is supposed simply supported and therefore the Navier solution is used to derive analytical solution. Verification examples demonstrate that the developed theory is very accurate in describing the response of FG beams subjected to thermodynamic loading. Numerical results are carried out to show the effects of the thermodynamic loading on the response of FG beams resting on elastic foundation

Thermal Buckling Response of Functionally Graded Plates with Clamped Boundary Conditions

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Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation therapy in men with localised prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 17): a randomised, phase 3 trial

International audienceBackground: Adjuvant radiotherapy reduces the risk of biochemical progression in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy. We aimed to compare adjuvant versus early salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy, combined with short-term hormonal therapy, in terms of oncological outcomes and tolerance.Methods: GETUG-AFU 17 was a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial done at 46 French hospitals. Men aged at least 18 years who had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1 or less, localised adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy, who had pathologically-staged pT3a, pT3b, or pT4a (with bladder neck invasion), pNx (without pelvic lymph nodes dissection), or pN0 (with negative lymph nodes dissection) disease, and who had positive surgical margins were eligible for inclusion in the study. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either immediate adjuvant radiotherapy or delayed salvage radiotherapy at the time of biochemical relapse. Random assignment, by minimisation, was done using web-based software and stratified by Gleason score, pT stage, and centre. All patients received 6 months of triptorelin (intramuscular injection every 3 months). The primary endpoint was event-free survival. Efficacy and safety analyses were done on the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00667069.Findings: Between March 7, 2008, and June 23, 2016, 424 patients were enrolled. We planned to enrol 718 patients, with 359 in each study group. However, on May 20, 2016, the independent data monitoring committee recommended early termination of enrolment because of unexpectedly low event rates. At database lock on Dec 19, 2019, the overall median follow-up time from random assignment was 75 months (IQR 50-100), 74 months (47-100) in the adjuvant radiotherapy group and 78 months (52-101) in the salvage radiotherapy group. In the salvage radiotherapy group, 115 (54%) of 212 patients initiated study treatment after biochemical relapse. 205 (97%) of 212 patients started treatment in the adjuvant group. 5-year event-free survival was 92% (95% CI 86-95) in the adjuvant radiotherapy group and 90% (85-94) in the salvage radiotherapy group (HR 0·81, 95% CI 0·48-1·36; log-rank p=0·42). Acute grade 3 or worse toxic effects occurred in six (3%) of 212 patients in the adjuvant radiotherapy group and in four (2%) of 212 patients in the salvage radiotherapy group. Late grade 2 or worse genitourinary toxicities were reported in 125 (59%) of 212 patients in the adjuvant radiotherapy group and 46 (22%) of 212 patients in the salvage radiotherapy group. Late genitourinary adverse events of grade 2 or worse were reported in 58 (27%) of 212 patients in the adjuvant radiotherapy group versus 14 (7%) of 212 patients in the salvage radiotherapy group (p<0·0001). Late erectile dysfunction was grade 2 or worse in 60 (28%) of 212 in the adjuvant radiotherapy group and 17 (8%) of 212 in the salvage radiotherapy group (p<0·0001).Interpretation: Although our analysis lacked statistical power, we found no benefit for event-free survival in patients assigned to adjuvant radiotherapy compared with patients assigned to salvage radiotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy increased the risk of genitourinary toxicity and erectile dysfunction. A policy of early salvage radiotherapy could spare men from overtreatment with radiotherapy and the associated adverse events.Funding: French Health Ministry and Ipsen