53 research outputs found

    EDITORIAL

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    Editorial

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    Editorial

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    EDITORIAL

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    Editorial

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    Editoria

    Reciprocity With Unequal Payoffs: Cooperative and Uncooperative Interactions Affect Disadvantageous Inequity Aversion

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    Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve through reciprocity. Reciprocal cooperation is the process in which lasting social interactions provide the opportunity to learn about others\u27 behavior, and to further predict the outcome of future encounters. Lasting social interactions may also decrease aversion to unequal distribution of gains – when individuals accept inequity payoffs knowing about the possibility of future encounters. Thus, reciprocal cooperation and aversion to inequity can be complementary phenomena. The present study investigated the effects of cooperative and uncooperative interactions on participants\u27 aversion to disadvantageous inequity. Participants played an experimental task in the presence of a confederate who acted as a second participant. In reality, the participant interacted with a computer programed to make cooperative and uncooperative choices. After interacting with a cooperative or uncooperative computer, participants chose between blue cards to produce larger gains to the computer and smaller for him/her or green cards to produce equal and smaller gains for both. Results confirmed our first hypothesis that uncooperative interactions would produce aversion to disadvantageous inequity. Lastly, half of the participants were informed that points received during the experiment could be later exchanged for money, and half were not. Results indicated that information about monetary outcomes did not affect aversion to inequity, contradicting our second hypothesis. We discuss these results in the light of theories of reciprocal cooperation, inequity aversion, and conformity

    Comportamento e seleção pelas consequências: a análise do comportamento no Brasil entre o dogma e a ciência

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    Considerando-se as recentes discussões sobre a definição de comportamento e do modelo de seleção por consequências conduzidas por pesquisadores brasileiros, discutimos a necessidade de maior participação das contribuições da análise experimental do comportamento no debate de conceitos da área e mais interação da área com outros sistemas em Psicologia. Criticamos o isolamento em relação à produção de conhecimento de outras áreas e a adoção de figuras de autoridade a partir da qual se possa fazer a avaliação das novidades da área. Para tanto, a análise do contexto no qual Skinner propôs seu modelo de seleção por consequências precisa ser feita para clara compreensão das contribuições mais importantes dessa proposta. Mostramos que a discussão sobre a distinção operante-respondente e a pertinência da noção de metacontingências são exemplos de revisão conceitual feita com base em dados e articulação entre áreas de pesquisa com epistemologias e metodologias diferentes, mas possíveis de serem articuladas

    CONTROLE RESTRITO EM UMA TAREFA DE MATCHING-TO-SAMPLE COM PALAVRAS E SÍLABAS: AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE UMA CRIANÇA DIAGNOSTICADA COM AUTISMO

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    The aims of the present study were (1) identifying restricted stimuli control at performance of an autistic sixyear-old-boy in a matching-to-sample task (MTS) that used syllables and words as stimuli and (2) assessing a procedure, known as differential observing response (DOR), which not allowed the child to respond to a comparison stimuli based on just one syllable of the word presented as model. Pre-tests sessions were conducted with simultaneous or delay MTS tasks with syllables and words. The accuracy on intermediate levels in DMTS word/syllables or in SMTS word/word indicated that the participant chose based on one of the syllables of the sample stimulus, but not based on both of them. The analysis of the errors showed that, usually, the participant responded under control of the first syllable, choosing a word, presented as a comparison, which contained the first syllable of the model. Accuracy at the baseline was compared with the precision in a task that required that participant’s responses were based, in separated trials, on both syllables of the compound stimulus. The results indicated that, during the DMTS procedure with SMTS word/word trials, the restricted control wasn’t completely reduced. However, with the return to the baseline, there was improvement in the participant’s performance, indicating a decrease of restricted control and changes in the pattern of error.Key-words: restricted stimulus control, observing response; matching-to-sample; autism.Os objetivos do presente estudo foram (1) identificar controle restrito de estímulos no desempenho de um menino autista em uma tarefa de matching-to-sample (MTS) que utilizou sílabas e palavras como estímulos e (2) avaliar um procedimento conhecido como resposta de observação diferencial (DOR), que impedia que o responder da criança aos estímulos comparação fosse baseado em apenas uma das sílabas da palavra apresentada como modelo. Foram conduzidas sessões de pré-teste em tarefas de MTS simultâneo (SMTS) ou com atraso (DMTS). Precisão em nível intermediários em tarefas de DMTS palavra/sílaba ou em tarefas SMTS palavra/palavra indicou que o participante respondia aos estímulos comparação com base em apenas uma das sílabas da palavra apresentada como modelo. A análise dos erros mostrou que, em geral, o participante respondia sob controle da primeira sílaba, escolhendo qualquer uma das palavras apresentadas como estímulo-comparação que tivesse a mesma primeira sílaba da palavra apresentada como modelo. Posteriormente, a precisão em linha de base DMTS palavras/sílabas foi comparada com a precisão em uma tarefa em que tentativas SMTS palavra/palavra eram intercaladas com tentativas DMTS palavras/sílabas. Os resultados indicaram que durante a vigência do procedimento com tentativas DMTS intercaladas às tentativas SMTS não ocorreu correção completa do controle restrito. No entanto, com o retorno à linha de base, observou-se a melhora no desempenho do participante, indicando a diminuição do controle restrito e mudança no padrão de erro. Palavras-chave: controle restrito de estímulos; resposta de observação; matching-to-sample; autismo

    Conceptual and Experimental Directions for Analyzing Superstition in the Behavioral Analysis of Culture

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    This paper examines the notions of illusions and beliefs, discussing some advantages offered by the study of these phenomena based on the concepts of superstitious behavior, superstition and superstitious rules. Among these advantages, the study highlights the possibility of researching these relationships in different levels of analysis, not only at the individual level, focusing on cultural level, this paper presents Cultural Materialism as an anthropological proposal for the consideration of these phenomena on the cultural level and based on adaptive principles, besides it discusses the experimental analysis of cultural practices and points Out how they can help to understand how people in groups behave such as they are being effective in the control of the surrounding environment (when, sometimes, in fact, they are not). The paper offers an integrative proposal which makes easier behavior analysts' dialogue with social psychologists and offers some routes from cultural analysis of illusions and beliefs
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