26 research outputs found

    Changes in synaptic plasticity and lipid raft composition in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy

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    Tese de mestrado, Bioquímica (Bioquímica) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy. In many cases, patients with TLE are resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, it is imperative to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms that are the cause and/or consequence of the disease to find new strategies to fight it. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken the communication efficiency in response to transient variations in their activity. Studies in the pilocarpine rat model of TLE indicate that neuronal hyperactivity in epilepsy is associated with abnormal synaptic plasticity, involving molecular changes in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), in voltage-gated potassium channels Kv4.2, and post-synaptic proteins, post-synaptic protein 95 (PSD-95) and gephyrin. Remodelling of lipid raft composition is believed to contribute to altered cognition and synaptic plasticity observed upon ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is still unknown if such changes contribute to the cognitive decline and altered synaptic plasticity observed in TLE. In this thesis, an initial study was performed to evaluate changes in Kv4.2. channel levels and its phosphorylation in Thr602, Thr607 and Ser438 observed in non-pathological long-term-potentiation (LTP; a type of synaptic plasticity) induced by a moderate θ-burst stimulation and their relation to PSD-95 and synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) levels was evaluated by western-blot in hippocampal membranes obtained from stimulated and control slices. As expected, PSD-95 and SNAP-25 levels did not change, but the levels of Kv4.2 channel and its phosphorylation at Ser438 and Thr602 increased following LTP induction, while phosphorylation at Thr607 did not change. These results suggest a possible role for Kv4.2 channels in LTP expression even with mild θ-burst stimulation patterns, through phosphorylation at Ser438 and Thr602 residues. The main objective of this work was to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying TLE regarding the role of lipid raft changes in abnormal synaptic plasticity observed in TLE. For that, several approaches were used to characterize the chronic period of the Li2+-pilocarpine model of TLE in the rat. First, histochemistry was performed in hippocampal slices from 12-month-old Wistar rats exhibiting long-term spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) and Sham controls to evaluate anatomical changes in this tissue. In SRS animals, NeuN immunolabelling revealed a decrease in neurons in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 and CA3 and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus (DG). Changes in the architecture of the granule cell layer of the DG were also detected for NeuN immunolabelling and Nissl-staining. Finally, using Timm-staining it was possible to detect mossy fibre sprouting. These findings show that the DG is the hippocampal region that suffers more damage in this model. Molecular changes related to synaptic plasticity were studied by performing western-blot in hippocampal membranes isolated from SRS and Sham rats to evaluate: GluA1 and GluA2 AMPARs subunit levels, GluA1 phosphorylation in Ser831 and Ser845 and Kv4.2 channel expression; in addition, molecular changes related to profound changes in synaptic architecture were studied by targeting postsynaptic proteins PSD-95 and gephyrin and the presynaptic marker SNAP-25; finally, changes in planar lipid rafts and caveolae scaffolding proteins, flotillin-1 and caveolin-1 respectively, were monitored. The GluA1 and GluA2 subunit and PSD-95 levels decreased while the GluA1/GluA2 ratio, GluA1 phosphorylation in Ser831 and Ser845, along with gephyrin and caveolin-1 levels increased in SRS animals. SNAP-25, Kv4.2 channel and flotillin-1 levels did not change. To initiate the biophysical study of lipid rafts in model membranes obtained from synaptic lipids from the Li2+-pilocarpine rat model of TLE, the biophysical imaging and quantification of lipid rafts in giant unilamellar vesicles obtained from binary and ternary artificial lipid mixtures was performed. Giant unilamellar vesicles preparation by electroformation was optimized with success. Changes found for AMPARs subunit stoichiometry and phosphorylation contribute to an increase in synaptic transmission that surely contributes to enhancement of neuronal excitability, and to progression of the disease. A decrease in PSD-95 and gephyrin suggests that excitatory transmission is down-regulated and inhibitory transmission is up-regulated, contributing to lower neuronal excitability, hinting on an adaptive molecular mechanism that is trying to counteract the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy. The increase found for caveolin-1 suggests a new role for this protein in TLE, that is probably neuroprotection, as it occurs in other diseases.A epilepsia do lobo temporal (do inglês, TLE) é o tipo de epilepsia mais comum. Na maioria dos casos os pacientes com TLE são resistentes ao tratamento com fármacos antiepiléticos. É importante compreender os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à doença, de modo a encontrar novas estratégias para combatê-la. Estudos no modelo da pilocarpina em rato indicaram que a hiperexcitabilidade na TLE experimental está associada a plasticidade sináptica anómala, através de alterações moleculares que consequentemente afetam a excitabilidade neuronal. A plasticidade sináptica é a capacidade que as sinapses apresentam de reforçar ou atenuar o seu rendimento em resposta a variações transientes na sua actividade que resultam de estímulos fisiológicos. A nível molecular, este mecanismo é caracterizado por alterações bidirecionais no número e actividade de alguns receptores de neurotransmissores e canais. Na potenciação de longo prazo (do inglês, LTP), o tipo de plasticidade sináptica mais estudado e conhecido no hipocampo, algumas destas alterações incluem o aumento dos receptores de ácido α-amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazolo propiónico (Rs AMPA) no neurónio pós-sináptico, que aumenta a eficiência da comunicação glutamatérgica, e diminuição da corrente K+ do tipo A (IA), mediada por canais de potássio dependentes de voltagem 4.2 (Kv4.2), que reduz a excitabilidade dendrítica. A modulação dos Rs AMPA pode afetar a excitabilidade neuronal através de alterações na estequiometria das subunidades e da fosforilação das mesmas. Estas alterações estão ambas implicadas na expressão da LTP no hipocampo assim como nas alterações patológicas em modelos de TLE em roedores. O aumento da excitabilidade neuronal está relacionado com a presença de Rs AMPA sem a subunidade GluA2, permeáveis ao ião Ca2+, e com a fosforilação da subunidade GluA1 na Ser831 e na Ser845, através do aumento dos Rs AMPA com maior condutância, na região sináptica. Alterações na expressão e modulação do canal Kv4.2 foram observadas tanto na LTP como na TLE. Sendo o principal mediador da corrente IA, a sua regulação afeta a excitabilidade dendrítica, que dela depende. Uma forma de modular o canal é através da fosforilação nos resíduos Thr602, Thr607 e Ser438. A densidade pós-sináptica (do inglês, PSD) tem um importante papel na regulação de cascatas de sinalização que ajustam a composição molecular das entidades pós-sinápticas necessárias para manter a plasticidade sináptica. Duas proteínas da PSD associadas à TLE são a proteínas pós-sináptica 95 (PSD-95), que é expressa exclusivamente em sinapses glutamatérgicas (excitatórias), e a gefirina que se encontra exclusivamente em sinapses glicinergicas e GABAergicas (inibitórias). No sistema nervoso podem ser encontradas tanto jangadas lipídicas planares como caveolas, associadas às proteínas específicas, flotilinas e caveolinas, respectivamente. Estas jangadas são microdomínios membranares ordenados, ricos em colesterol e esfingolípidos e que estão associados a diferentes funções celulares. Estudos recentes sugerem que estes microdomínios podem estar envolvidos na plasticidade sináptica, fornecendo a estrutura necessária à organização e compartimentalização de diferentes eventos moleculares na neurotransmissão, tendo também um papel na sua regulação dinâmica de forma a aumentar ou diminuir a eficiência da comunicação sináptica. A remodelação da composição das jangadas lipídicas ocorre durante o desenvolvimento e contribui para alterações cognitivas e de plasticidade sináptica observadas durante o envelhecimento e doenças neurodegenerativas. No entanto, ainda não é claro se tais alterações contribuem para o declínio cognitivo e para as alterações na plasticidade sináptica encontradas na TLE. O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações nos marcadores da plasticidade sináptica e na composição sináptica de jangadas lipídicas num modelo de TLE induzida por lítio-pilocarpina no rato, de forma a desvendar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à doença. Num primeiro passo avaliaram-se por western-blot as alterações nos níveis e na fosforilação do canal Kv4.2 nos resíduos de Thr602, Thr607 e Ser438, relativamente à PSD-95 e à proteína pre-sináptica SNAP-25, em membranas de hipocampo obtidas de fatias nas quais se induziu LTP com um estímulo θ-burst moderado, que mimetiza a actividade neuronal fisiológica na região CA1 do hipocampo durante a aprendizagem e memória. Apesar dos níveis da proteína pós-sináptica, PSD-95 e da pré-sináptica, SNAP-25 não se alterarem em resposta à estimulação com θ-burst moderado, como era esperado, os níveis do canal Kv4.2 e da sua fosforilação nos resíduos de Ser438 e Thr602 aumentaram. Estes resultados sugerem um papel da regulação do canal Kv4.2 na LTP, através da fosforilação nos resíduos de Ser438 e Thr602. Para a caracterização do modelo de Li2+-pilocarpina no período crónico da TLE, foram primeiro realizados ensaios de histoquímica em fatias de hipocampo de ratos Wistar com 12 meses que exibiam convulsões espontâneas recorrentes (SRSs) induzidas pelo método do Li2+-pilocarpina e com controlos Sham. Nos ratos modelos da TLE de Li2+-pilocarpina, usando o marcador NeuN foi possível observar uma diminuição de neurónios na camada de células piramidais da região CA1 e CA3 e do hilus do giro dentado (DG). Foi vista também uma alteração de disposição dos neurónios da camada de células granulares do DG também observadas em resultados da coloração de Nissl. Por fim, com a coloração de Timm foi possível detetar sprouting axonal no DG nos ratos modelo da TLE, concordante com o observado em trabalhos anteriores. Neste estudo confirmamos então que o DG é a região do hipocampo que sofre maior dano neste modelo, o que é concordante com o observado no DG de pacientes com TLE. As alterações moleculares associadas à plasticidade sináptica foram avaliadas por western-blot em membranas de hipocampo obtidas de ratos modelo da TLE e Sham tendo como alvo: a subunidade GluA1 e GluA2 dos Rs AMPA, a fosforilação da subunidade GluA1 nos resíduos de Ser831 e na Ser845 e a expressão do canal Kv4.2. Para avaliar alterações estruturais nas sinapses estudaram-se as proteínas da PSD, PSD-95 e gefirina e o marcador pré-sináptico SNAP-25. Por fim, estudou-se a expressão das proteínas específicas de jangadas lipídicas, flotilina-1 e caveolina-1. Os níveis de subunidade GluA1 e GluA2 diminuíram em ratos modelo da TLE, enquanto que a razão GluA1/GluA2 e a fosforilação da subunidade GluA1 na Ser831 e na Ser845 aumentaram. Estas alterações contribuem para um aumento da transmissão glutamatérgica que certamente contribui para o aumento da excitabilidade neuronal, e para a progressão da doença. Os níveis de SNAP-25 não se alteraram nos ratos modelo da TLE de Li2+-pilocarpina. Face aos níveis desta proteína a expressão relativa de PSD-95 diminuiu enquanto que a da gefirina aumentou. Uma vez que o PSD-95 e a gefirina são específicos para sinapses glutamatérgicas e GABAérgicas/glicinérgicas, respetivamente, estes resultados evidenciam que há mecanismos associados à transmissão glutamatérgica que estão diminuídos neste modelo enquanto que outros associados à transmissão GABAérgica/glicinérgica estão aumentados. Isto, por sua vez, sugere um aumento da transmissão inibitória e diminuição da excitatória, o que na totalidade diminui a excitabilidade neuronal. Esta alteração das proteínas da PSD poderá ser um mecanismo de adaptação molecular para contrariar a hiperexcitabilidade causada em parte pelas alterações descritas para os Rs AMPA, garantindo a sobrevivência do animal. A expressão do canal Kv4.2 não se alterou nos animais modelo da TLE, no entanto observa-se uma tendência para aumento e o estudo de um número mais elevado de animais poderá tornar mais clara esta questão. Finalmente, os níveis de flotilina-1 não se alteraram no modelo de TLE em rato enquanto que os níveis de caveolina-1 aumentaram, sugerindo que a caveolina-1 e alterações nas jangadas lipídicas têm um papel na fisiopatologia da TLE. Face à sua ação noutros modelos de doença no SNC, este papel será provavelmente neuroprotector. Para iniciar o estudo biofísico de jangadas lipídicas em membranas modelo preparadas com lípidos sinápticos do rato modelo da TLE de Li2+-pilocarpina, foram realizadas a deteção e quantificação biofísica de jangadas lipídicas em vesículas gigantes unilamelares preparadas com misturas de lípidos artificiais. A otimização da preparação de vesículas gigantes unilamelares por eletroformação foi efetuada com sucesso. Este trabalho revela alterações moleculares nunca descritas tanto para a LTP como para o período crónico da TLE no modelo de Li2+-pilocarpina em rato. No entanto, serão necessários estudos adicionais para melhor compreender o que é causa ou consequência da doença e, mais importante, o que pode ser feito para tratar ou prevenir a TLE

    Occurrence of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and viral genomes in wastewater effluents and their treatment by a pilot scale nanofiltration unit

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    Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the project PTDC/CTA-AMB/29586/2017. We also acknowledge the financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Portugal 2020 to the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125). iNOVA4Health-UIDB/04462/2020, a program financially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério da Educação e Ciência, through national funds, is gratefully acknowledged. Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2019), is gratefully acknowledged. Funding from INTERFACE Program, through the Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund (FITEC), is gratefully acknowledged. Funding Information: This research was funded by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia through the project PTDC/CTA-AMB/29586/2017. We also acknowledge the financial support from Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia and Portugal 2020 to the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125). iNOVA4Health-UIDB/04462/2020, a program financially supported by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia/Minist?rio da Educa??o e Ci?ncia, through national funds, is gratefully acknowledged. Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2019), is gratefully acknowledged. Funding from INTERFACE Program, through the Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund (FITEC), is gratefully acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin), carbapenem and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as viral genomes, were detected in grab samples of wastewater effluents. Passive samplers, which are simpler and easier to use and provide information about the concentrations and combination of contaminants present in a certain fluid matrix over time, proved to be extremely promising devices to monitor the presence of the target antibiotics in wastewater effluents. Nanofiltration was tested with a pilot-scale unit installed at a domestic wastewater treatment facility, using a Desal 5DK membrane operated at a constant transmembrane pressure of 6 bar and 70% recovery rate. In a 24 h experimental assay, the variation of the membrane permeance was low (6.3%). High rejections of the target contaminants from the wastewater effluent were obtained by the pilot-scale treatment. Hence, nanofiltration using the Desal 5DK membrane is considered to be a promising treatment to cope with chemical and biological contaminants present in wastewater effluents.publishersversionpublishe

    Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Properties of CpRu Complexes Containing N-Methylated Triazaphosphaadamantane Derivatives.

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    Piano-stool-{CpRu} complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (mPTA), and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabyciclo[3.3.1]nonane (dmoPTA) were evaluated as drugs against breast cancer. 'e evaluated compounds include two new examples of this family, the complexes [RuCp(DMSO-9S)(HdmoPTA)(PPh3)](CF3SO3)2 (8) and [RuCp(PPh3)2-μ-dmoPTA-19P-292N,N -PdCl2](CF3SO3) (11), which have been synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR, and single-crystal X-ray di@raction.'e cytotoxic activity of compounds was evaluated against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and the three most active complexes were further tested against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. 'eir cell death mechanism and ruthenium uptake were also evaluated, as well as their binding ability to human serum albumin

    Glucosylpolyphenols as Inhibitors of Aβ-Induced Fyn Kinase Activation and Tau Phosphorylation: Synthesis, Membrane Permeability, and Exploratory Target Assessment within the Scope of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease

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    Despite the rapidly increasing number of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes-induced dementia, there are no disease-modifying therapies that are able to prevent or block disease progress. In this work, we investigate the potential of nature-inspired glucosylpolyphenols against relevant targets, including islet amyloid polypeptide, glucosidases, and cholinesterases. Moreover, with the premise of Fyn kinase as a paradigm-shifting target in Alzheimer's drug discovery, we explore glucosylpolyphenols as blockers of Aβ-induced Fyn kinase activation while looking into downstream effects leading to Tau hyperphosphorylation. Several compounds inhibit Aβ-induced Fyn kinase activation and decrease pTau levels at 10 μM concentration, particularly the per-O-methylated glucosylacetophloroglucinol and the 4-glucosylcatechol dibenzoate, the latter inhibiting also butyrylcholinesterase and β-glucosidase. Both compounds are nontoxic with ideal pharmacokinetic properties for further development. This work ultimately highlights the multitarget nature, fine structural tuning capacity, and valuable therapeutic significance of glucosylpolyphenols in the context of these metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.European Commission GA 612347Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia SFRH/BD/93170/2013, SFRH/BD/116614/2016, PD/BD/142847/2018, SFRH/BD/145600/2019, CEECIND/03414/2018, CEECIND/02300/2017, UIDB/00100/2020, UIDB/04046/2020, UIDB/04378/2020, IF/00780/2015Gobierno de España CTQ2016-78703-PJunta de Andalucía FQM13

    Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Properties of CpRu Complexes Containing N-Methylated Triazaphosphaadamantane Derivatives

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    Piano-stool-{CpRu} complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (mPTA), and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabyciclo[3.3.1]nonane (dmoPTA) were evaluated as drugs against breast cancer. The evaluated compounds include two new examples of this family, the complexes [RuCp(DMSO-κS)(HdmoPTA)(PPh3)](CF3SO3)2 (8) and [RuCp(PPh3)2-µ-dmoPTA-1κP-2κ2N,N′-PdCl2](CF3SO3) (11), which have been synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxic activity of compounds was evaluated against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and the three most active complexes were further tested against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Their cell death mechanism and ruthenium uptake were also evaluated, as well as their binding ability to human serum albumin

    Interaction with Blood Proteins of a Ruthenium(II) Nitrofuryl Semicarbazone Complex: Effect on the Antitumoral Activity

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    The steady rise in the cancer burden and grim statistics set a vital need for new therapeutic solutions. Given their high efficiency, metallodrugs are quite appealing in cancer chemotherapy. This work examined the anticancer activity of an anti-trypanosomal ruthenium-based compound bearing the 5-nitrofuryl pharmacophore, [RuII(dmso)2(5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone)] (abbreviated as RuNTF; dmso is the dimethyl sulfoxide ligand). The cytotoxicity of RuNTF was evaluated in vitro against ovarian adenocarcinoma, hormone-dependent breast adenocarcinoma, prostate carcinoma (grade IV) and V79 lung fibroblasts human cells. The activity of RuNTF was similar to the benchmark metallodrug cisplatin for the breast line and inactive against the prostate line and lung fibroblasts. Given the known role of serum protein binding in drug bioavailability and the distribution via blood plasma, this study assessed the interaction of RuNTF with human serum albumin (HSA) by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission quenching from the HSA-Trp214 residue and the lifetime data upon RuNTF binding evidenced the formation of a 1:1 {RuNTF-albumin} adduct with log Ksv = (4.58 ± 0.01) and log KB = (4.55 ± 0.01). This is supported by CD data with an induced CD broad band observed at ~450 nm even after short incubation times. Importantly, the binding to either HSA or human apo-transferrin is beneficial to the cytotoxicity of the complex towards human cancer cells by enhancing the cytotoxic activity of RuNTF

    Free amino acids of Tronchuda Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. costata DC): influence of leaf position (internal or external) and collection time

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    The free amino acid profile of 18 samples of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC) leaves, harvested at three different months, was determined by HPLC/UV−vis. The tronchuda cabbage leaves total free amino acid content varied from 3.3 to 14.4 g/kg fresh weight. Generally, arginine was the major compound, followed by proline, threonine, glutamine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. This study indicates that free amino acids are not similarly distributed: in external leaves, proline and arginine were the major free amino acids, while in internal ones, arginine was the main free amino acid, followed by threonine, glutamine, and cysteine. Significant differences were observed for valine, proline, arginine, leucine, cysteine, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine contents. The levels of some free amino acids were significantly affected by the collection period. In external leaves, this occurred with glutamic acid, serine, valine, leucine, cysteine, and ornithine contents, while in internal leaves, it occurred with aspartic acid, arginine, and total contents
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