Plant immunity and beyond: Signals from proteins & peptides

Plants are the primary and most important source of food for human consumption, besides their ecological importance, since they define the diverse ecosystems worldwide. Because of their position in the ecological chain as primary supplier of biomass and food for other organisms, plants are also fundamental for animals, fungi and microorganisms, and some of them are also beneficial to other plants. Humans rely mostly on plant products for food, and many plants provide important non-food products, including wood, textiles, medicines, cosmetics, soaps, rubber, plastics, paints and other industrial chemicals. Moreover, plants are also fundamental for animal feeding, including not only mammals (e.g. cattle, sheep and goats), but also poultry and aquaculture (e.g., fish and shrimp farming)

GENOSOJA - The Brazilian Soybean Genome Consortium: high throughput omics and beyond.

Plant genomes are among the most complex and large ones of our planet, with high levels of redundancy when compared to other eukaryotic groups, leading to intricate processes for gene regulation and evolution. Such a complexity demands interdisciplinary and multidimensional approaches in order to allow a better understanding of the processes able to exploit the whole potential of the existing genes in different species, including crop plants. Among cultivated plants, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] occupies an outstanding position due to its importance as source of protein and oil that may also be converted into biodiesel. The seeds are rarely consumed in natura, but many traditional food products have been consumed, as soymilk, and tofu, as well as fermented products as soy sauce, and soy paste among others, besides its wide use for animal feed. Soybean cultivation has been highly concentrated geographically, with only four countries (USA, Brazil, Argentina and China) accounting for almost 90% of world output. Asia (excluding China) and Africa, the two regions where most of the food insecure countries are located, account for only 5% of production. Among countries classified as 'undernourished', only India and Bolivia are significant producers of soybeans (FAO, 2009). Available evidences indicate that the cultivated soybean was domesticated from its wild relative Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.) in China about 5,000 years ago (Carter et al., 2004). Since then, soybean has been grown primarily in temperate regions for thousands of years, first in Northern Asia and in more recent years in North America and countries of the Southern Cone of Latin America (FAO, 2009). The remarkable success of this crop in temperate zones is well known, but the crop presents also an important role in cropping systems of the tropics and subtropics, also in low fertile regions, as the Brazilian cerrado savannah (Spehar, 1995). The actual area cultivated worldwide with soybean is estimated to cover 103.5 millions of hectares, from which 24.2 only in Brazil, with considerable increases in the production achieved without significant increase in the cultivated area (Embrapa Soybean, 2011). As a legume, soybean is able to develop symbiotic interactions with rhizobia, allowing the fixation and assimilation of atmospheric N2, bearing quite specific mechanisms to coordinate this complex interaction (Oldroyd and Downie, 2008), absent in most angiosperm groups. Besides this peculiarity, soybean presents 2n = 40 chromosomes and was early characterized as an ancient polyploid (paleopolyploid) through genetic mapping studies that identified homeologous chromosome regions based upon duplicate RFLP markers (Shoemaker et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1999; 2001). Due to its allopolyploid nature, the first approaches regarded the generation of expressed sequences from different library tissues and conditions, including mainly ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags; Nelson et al., 2005) partially in annotated databases, including ca. 40.000 full length cDNA clones available (Umezawa et al., 2008, see also RIKEN Soybean Full-Length cDNA Database), besides analyses regarding RNAseq under different tissues and development stages, as well as under different stressing situations (e.g. Libault et al., 2010; Severin et al., 2010). Also a complete shotgun genome sequence of the soybean cultivar Williams 82 was released, comprising 1.1-gigabase genome size allowing the integration of physical and high-density genetic maps, including 46,430 predicted protein-coding genes (Schmutz et al., 2010). The total amount of data publicly available at GenBank (NCBI) includes more than 120,000 nucleotide sequences (mainly mRNA), ~1,460,000 ESTs, ~368,000 genome sequences, ~80,000 proteins, 118 deposited structures and more than 6,2 million SNPs. Such numbers show that working with soybean is a very challenging task. By the other hand, despite of the wide data availability, most data regard cultivars from temperate regions (as Williams 82), not adapted for cultivation under tropical conditions, as it is the case of central Brazil and many other tropical countries that are subjected to distinct environmental stresses. The proposition of creating the GENOSOJA consortium was submitted in 2007 to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), an agency linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), starting its activity in March 2008 with the participation of nine Brazilian institutions from different regions (Figure 1). The proposal aimed to study the soybean genome from its organization into the structural level, seeking to characterize and sequence important genomic regions and their products, thus contributing to the identification of genes using transcriptional and proteomic methods, especially considering the plant response to different biotic and abiotic stresses that affect the culture in the Southern hemisphere. Still, the GENOSOJA network aimed to approach not only whether a gene is induced or suppressed under a given condition, but also to determine the levels at which it is expressed, the interactions with other genes, their physical location and products, allowing the identification of important genes and metabolic pathways, vital for the development and study of plants tolerant to challenging situations. The GENOSOJA project is still in course and is structured into six Project Components (Figure 2), including management and addressing of different aspects of the soybean genome: I. Project management - responsible for the project administration, organization of meetings, group integration and research reports, among others. II. Structural Genomics - includes research activities related to the genomic physical architecture, including BAC anchoring (in the cultivar Conquista), promoter analysis and sequencing of gene-rich regions, also in comparison with other wild relatives of the genus Glycine, allowing studies of synteny and indication of regions important for ressequencing. This component is also responsible for the identification of single base polymorphisms (SNPs), very important for mapping purposes and marker assisted selection. III. Transcriptomics -comprises the largest research group, responsible for various expression profiling approaches using different strategies to access transcripts generated under different biotic (Asian rust: Phakopsora pachyrhizi, CPMMV: Cowpea mild mottle virus, nematodes: Meloydogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus) and abiotic (water deficit) stresses. In this workgroup different strategies were used, including: a) Subtractive cDNA libraries (76 bp tags, Solexa Illumina® sequencing) using contrasting materials submitted to biotic interactions, including diseases (~40 million tags; Asian rust and virus inoculation) and beneficial interactions (~10 million tags; inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum), as well as water deficit (~42 million tags, comparing tolerant and susceptible accessions). b) SuperSAGE comprising ~3,2 Solexa Illumina® 26-bp tags distributed in six libraries generated under biotic (water deficit) and abiotic (Asian rust) stress comparisons. c) MicroRNA libraries (Solexa Illumina®, 1924 bp) including four libraries regarding water deficit ( 4,8 millions miRNAs) and other four regarding Asian rust (~7,9 million miRNAs). d) cDNA sequences (2,112 sequences, Sanger method) from roots infested with the nematode M. javanica compared with non stressed control. The three first above mentioned experiments were carried out using the same experimental conditions, generating an extensive comparable dataset to allow the understanding of the gene expression dynamic (Subtractive cDNA and SuperSAGE libraries), including biotic and abiotic cross-talk responses as well as the post transcriptional control (miRNA). IV. Proteomics -aimed to study the protein profile of soybean plants, low-mass protein and peptides identification and protein-protein interactions, using the same accessions and biological conditions established for the transcriptomic analyses to ensure complementarity and reduction of experimental variability, and thus, allowing the integration of both datasets in the functional characterization of the soybean genome. V. Expression Assays (transgenesis) -considering the results of transcriptomics and proteomics, most valuable gene candidates are being transformed in order to infer about their effects or biological function. Members of this group are also evaluating the vicinity of genes (UTRs) for the identification of regulatory regions (promoters, enhancers, cis-elements, etc.) that control their expression. VI. Bioinformatics -this workgroup developed the GENOSOJA database (see web resource) that includes a set of tools integrating the entire project data as compared with available sequences from other public data banks. The present issue represents the starting point of an extensive catalogue of products generated by the GENO-SOJA consortium, since all members agree that many additional inferences will be soon mature for publication and application to breeding projects. Thousands of candidate genes differentially expressed have been identified and are being validated using quantitative real time PCR, many regarding strongly induced genes in contrasting libraries (e.g. stressed against control or tolerant against sensible in the same condition). Many of them refer to uncharacterized genes, with no given function, representing relevant data to be worked out in future functional studies, since they may represent not yet described genes, some possibly unique to legumes and important for plant breeding. Finally, the present volume does not represent a milestone for completion of the GENOSOJA project, but an announcement of its birth, crowned with solid growth, integration and consolidation prospects. The data generated by the GENOSOJA consortium will also join the worldwide effort to study the soybean genome through the participation in the International Soybean Genome Consortium (ISGC). In this sense, the next step involves the public release of the generated data, which shall be available for the world community, allowing the effective integration with other networks throughout the world

Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of Velloziaceae.

Chromosome number and other cytological features are reported from 35 species of Velloziaceae, including several african and brazilian populations. All analyzed species show areticulate interphase nuclei and prophase/prometaphase chromosomes with proximal early condensation. Most heteropycnotic blocks do not seem to correspond to heterochromatin since, at least in Vellozia patens, they do not stain differentially after C-banding procedures. Regarding the chromosome number, three main groups could be identified. The first comprised diploid species of the genera Nanuza, Vellozia and the brazilian species of Xerophyta with 2n=14 or 16; the second comprised tetraploid species with 2n=34, and included all brazilian species of subfam. Barbacenioideae; the third group, of hexaploid species, comprised the African representatives of the genus Xerophyta. A single population of Vellozia, possibly of hybrid origin, had 2n~=32. A basic number of x=8 is proposed for the family. The karyological information supports the hypothesis that the Velloziaceae originated on the South American, rather than on the African continent

A set of variable plastid SSR markers for the genus Cryptanthus (Bromeliaceae)

The genus Cryptanthus (Bromeliaceae) is endemic to Brazil. Many of its currentlyrecognized 66 species are narrow endemics that are threatened by habitat destruction.Molecular markers are needed to evaluate the extent and distribution of genetic diversityin rare Cryptanthus species, which would be a prerequisite for taking appropriateconservation measures. Here we describe the development of plastid microsatellitemarkers (cpSSRs) for Cryptanthus. PCR primers specific for 34 cpSSR loci in Dyckiamarnier-lapostollei were initially tested for their functionality in Cryptanthus schwackeanus. PCR was successful for 29 loci, and 13 loci were shown to harbour extended stretches of mononucleotide repeats. Seven loci were further characterized bygenotyping Cryptanthus samples at the level of populations and species, and six lociproved to be polymorphic among 30 individuals of each of the two endangered species C. schwackeanus and C. warren-loosei, respectively. All primers cross-amplified in other genera from three subfamilies of Bromeliaceae

Caracterização molecular por ISSR de acessos de melancia do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Cucurbitáceas.

Suplemento. Edição dos Anais do 52 Congresso Brasileiro de Olericultura, Salvador, jul. 201

SymGRASS: a database of sugarcane orthologous genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza and root nodule symbiosis : from Seventh International Meeting on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, (CIBB 2010), Palermo, Italy, 16 - 18 September 2010

Background: The rationale for gathering information from plants procuring nitrogen through symbiotic interactions controlled by a common genetic program for a sustainable biofuel production is the high energy demanding application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. We curated sequence information publicly available for the biofuel plant sugarcane, performed an analysis of the common SYM pathway known to control symbiosis in other plants, and provide results, sequences and literature links as an online database. Methods: Sugarcane sequences and informations were downloaded from the nucEST database, cleaned and trimmed with seqclean, assembled with TGICL plus translating mapping method, and annotated. The annotation is based on BLAST searches against a local formatted plant Uniprot90 generated with CD-HIT for functional assignment, rpsBLAST to CDD database for conserved domain analysis, and BLAST search to sorghum's for Gene Ontology (GO) assignment. Gene expression was normalized according the Unigene standard, presented as ESTs/100 kb. Protein sequences known in the SYM pathway were used as queries to search the SymGRASS sequence database. Additionally, antimicrobial peptides described in the PhytAMP database served as queries to retrieve and generate expression profiles of these defense genes in the libraries compared to the libraries obtained under symbiotic interactions. Results: We describe the SymGRASS, a database of sugarcane orthologous genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and root nodule (RN) symbiosis. The database aggregates knowledge about sequences, tissues, organ, developmental stages and experimental conditions, and provides annotation and level of gene expression for sugarcane transcripts and SYM orthologous genes in sugarcane through a web interface. Several candidate genes were found for all nodes in the pathway, and interestingly a set of symbiosis specific genes was found. Conclusions: The knowledge integrated in SymGRASS may guide studies on molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms by which sugarcane controls the establishment and efficiency of endophytic associations. We believe that the candidate sequences for the SYM pathway together with the pool of exclusively expressed tentative consensus (TC) sequences are crucial for the design of molecular studies to unravel the mechanisms controlling the establishment of symbioses in sugarcane, ultimately serving as a basis for the improvement of grass crops