Effect of Soybean Oil Fatty Acid Composition and Selenium Application on Biodiesel Properties

Biodiesel consisting principally of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) has been reported to have the optimal balance between cold flow properties and oxidative stability, therefore producing a superior fuel. In addition, treating biodiesel with antioxidants such as selenium (Se) also increases oxidative stability. Fuel properties including acid value (AV), cloud point (CP), iodine value (IV), pour point (PP), peroxide value (PV), induction period (IP), onset temperature (OT), and kinematic viscosity (KV) were used to evaluate a newly developed Roundup Ready® soybean recombinant inbred line (RIL) and a commercial cultivar. The RIL had a fatty acid profile with elevated levels of monounsaturated FAME. TN07-93RR was determined as the more desirable line for production of biodiesel, based on its fatty acid composition and subsequent fuel properties. The commercial cultivar AG3906 contained the highest abundance of polyunsaturated FAME and exhibited comparatively high IV and low oxidative stability. AG3906 was therefore not acceptable under the European biodiesel standard, EN 14214. However, TN07-93RR and AG3906 both were considered satisfactory according to the American biodiesel standard, ASTM D6751. Foliar treatment of soybean plants with varying amounts of Se had no effect on subsequent biodiesel oxidative stabilities

Determining Amino Acid Digestibility of Soybean Meal from South Carolina Soybean Varieties Fed to Broilers

At hatch, 240 male broilers (Ross 308, Aviagen, Sallisaw, OK) were placed in batteries (Petersime Brood Unit, Gettysburg, OH) for a 15-d study to evaluate amino acid digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) from specialty variety soybeans grown in South Carolina. There were 10 replicates per treatment and 6 broilers per cage. Broilers were given a common corn and soybean meal-based diet from d 0 to 9. On d 9, broilers were weighed, and cages were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments within location block. Dietary treatments consisted of 1 of 4 soybean sources varying in quality determined by crude protein (CP) content and processed into SBM. Two sources consisted of soybeans from a similar region and processed either commercially solvent extracted or experimentally solvent extracted at Texas A&M University. Therefore, dietary treatments consisted of a commercially processed SBM with 44% CP (CON) or experimentally processed SBM with 50% CP (PCON), 52% CP (52SBM), or 56% CP (56SBM). Assay diets were dextrose and SBM-based, formulated to supply 20% dietary CP with titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. On d 15, broilers were euthanized by CO2 inhalation and ileal samples were collected for determination of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS v. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with pen as the experimental unit, pen location as the blocking factor and adjusted using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons. Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P \u3c 0.003) digestibility of total AA, Arg, His, Lys, Thr, and Trp compared to those fed PCON and 52SBM. Digestibility of Ile and Phe increased (P \u3c 0.001) in broilers fed 56SBM compared to CON and 52SBM, while PCON was intermediate to CON and 52SBM. Broilers fed 56SBM had increased (P \u3c 0.001) digestibility of Leu compared to all other sources. Digestibility of Met increased (P = 0.007) in broilers fed CON and 56SBM compared to 52SBM and there was no evidence for differences between those fed PCON and all other sources. Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P \u3c 0.001) digestibility of Val compared to PCON and 52SBM, with no evidence for differences between those fed CON and PCON. In conclusion, broilers fed commercially processed SBM had improved AA digestibility compared to those fed experimentally processed soybeans from a similar region. The high CP (57% CP) SBM variety had increased AA digestibility compared to the PCON and 52SBM

Context-Specific Genomic Selection Strategies Outperform Phenotypic Selection for Soybean Quantitative Traits in the Progeny Row Stage

Evaluating different breeding selection strategies for relative utility is necessary to choose those that maximize efficiency. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield and fatty acid, protein, and oil contents are all commercially important traits that display complex quantitative inheritance. A soybean population consisting of 860 F5–derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs), genotyped with 4867 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) was used to compare phenotypic and context specific genomic selection (GS) strategies. To simulate progeny rows, each RIL was grown in a single plot in 2010 in Knoxville, TN, and phenotype was recorded. A subset of 276 RILs with similar maturity was then grown in multilocation, replicated field trials in 2013 to compare the performance of each selection method in field conditions. Notably, the preferred method for each trait was GS. Of the GS approaches evaluated, Epistacy performed best for yield, and BayesB and/or genomic best linear unbiased prediction (G-BLUP) were preferred for each of the other traits. Yield was the only trait for which the predictions had a large change when the number of SNPs and the number of RILs were randomly reduced for the G-BLUP model, with the best predictions occurring when RILs with different maturity that were not grown in 2013 were removed from the training set. These findings provide important information on how soybean breeders can maximize selections from the progeny row stage for yield and fatty acid, protein, and oil contents by using appropriate selection strategies

Soybean Seed Amino Acid Content QTL Detected Using the Universal Soy Linkage Panel 1.0 with 1,536 SNPs

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the primary source of meal used in animal feed in the U.S. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate genomic regions controlling amino acid composition is soybean. Designing soybean seed compositions that will benefit animal production is essential. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions controlling essential and non-essential amino acid composition in soybean seed proteins. To achieve this objective, 282 F5:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross of Essex × Williams 82 were used. Ground soybean seed samples were analyzed for amino acids and statistically significant differences (p \u3c 0.05) were found among genotypes in the population for all amino acid concentrations. The Universal Soy Linkage Panel (USLP) 1.0 of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA markers were used to genotype the 282 RILs and identify 480 useful genetic markers. The software R/qtl was used to identify candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL), which were validated using R/MQM. A total of ten QTL were detected on chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 10, 13 and 20 that explained 5 to 14% of the total phenotypic variation for a particular amino acid. Using SNPs from the USLP 1.0 to detect QTL for amino acids in soybean provides additional information to select genotypes with enhanced amino acid profiles that will benefit animal production

Selective Genotyping for Marker Assisted Selection Strategies for Soybean Yield Improvement

Using molecular markers in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has lead to the identification of major loci controlling quantitative and qualitative traits that include: disease resistance, insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Yield has been considered as one of the most important quantitative traits in soybean breeding. Unfortunately, yield is a very complex trait and most yield quantitative trait loci (QTL) that have been identified have had only limited success for marker assisted selection (MAS). The objective of this study was to identify QTL associated with soybean seed yield in preliminary yield trials grown in different environments and to evaluate their effective use for MAS using a yield prediction model (YPM), which included epistasis. To achieve this objective, 875 F5:9 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross between two prominent ancestors of the North American soybean (Essex and Williams 82) were used. The 875 RIL and check cultivars were divided into four groups based on maturity and each group was grown in Knoxville, TN and one other location that had an environment in which the maturity group (MG) was adapted to be grown. Each RIL was genotyped with \u3e50,000 single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs) of which 17,232 were This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. polymorphic across the population. Yield QTL were detected using a single factor (SF) analysis of variance (ANOVA) and composite interval mapping (CIM). Based on CIM, 23 yield QTL were identified. Twenty-one additional QTL were detected using SF ANOVA. Individually, these QTL explained from 4.5% to 11.9% of the phenotypic variation for yield. QTL were identified on all 20 chromosomes and five of the 46 QTL have not been previously reported. This study provides new information concerning yield QTL in soybean and may offer important insights into MAS strategies for soybean

Determining the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids for soybean meal from select soybean varieties with varying levels of crude protein

SUMMARY: A total of 240 Ross 308 one-day old male broilers were placed in batteries for a 15-d study to evaluate apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) for soybean meal (SBM) from specialty variety soybeans grown in South Carolina. The AID of AA using the indirect method with titanium dioxide as a marker. There were 10 replicates per treatment with 6 broilers per cage. On d 9, cages were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Two treatment sources consisted of soybeans from a similar region (Midwest) and solvent extracted either commercially or experimentally. Thus, dietary treatments contained either commercially processed SBM with 44% CP (crude protein; CON; CPi, 46.5% Solvent Extracted Soybean Meal, Cooperative Producers, INC., Hastings, NE) or experimentally processed SBM with 50% CP (PCON), 52% CP (52SBM), or 56% CP (56SBM). Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) AID Arg, His, Lys, Thr, and Trp compared to those fed PCON and 52SBM. The AID of Met increased (P = 0.007) in broilers fed CON and 56SBM compared to 52SBM. Broilers fed CON and 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) AID of Val compared to PCON and 52SBM. The 56SBM had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of digestible AA content compared to other sources. In addition, PCON had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of digestible methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, proline, and serine compared to 52SBM. Therefore, accounting for digestible AA content of SBM varieties can lead to a greater opportunity to reduce diet cost