Biochemical Characterization of Lipid-Extracted Microalgal Biomass Residues

Massive interests to microalgal biodiesel are obvious to date, due to the promising prospect of microalgae as biodiesel feedstock. Nevertheless, based on the result of energy analyses and life- cycle assessments, microalgal biodiesel production has consumed large amount of energy and it has not been cost effective yet. Therefore, utilization of lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs), one kind of residues produced after lipid extraction in biodiesel production should be effectively investigated. This work emphasizes on the overview of researches related to the biochemical characterization of LMBRs. The LMBRs of Dunaliella tertiolecta (UTEX LB  999) consisted of total carbohydrates of 82.0%, proteins of 13.4%, and ash of 4.5% (w/w in dry mass). Meanwhile, D. tertiolecta LB 999 LMBRs contained carbohydrate of 60%, and its saccharification  yield was 42% based on LMBRs mass. Moreover, the biochemical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis LMBRs were crude fiber (9.6%), crude protein (40.3%), and crude lipid (0.9%) while Scenedesmus sp. LMBRs contained carbohydrate (24.7%), protein (32.4%), lipid (6.5%) and ash (10.0%). Keywords: microalgal, biodiesel, LCA, LMBRs, characterization, EPS, saccharificatio

Kinetic characteristics of \u3b2-cyclodextrin production by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from newly isolated Bacillus sp. C26

The kinetic characteristics of \u3b2-cyclodextrin production by a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) produced by Bacillus sp. C26, a new isolate from a soil sample was investigated. Considering highest yield and initial production rate of \u3b2-cyclodextrin, among the starches examined, soluble starch, tapioca starch, sago starch, corn starch and rice starch, tapioca starch was the best substrate for this CGTase. The optimum temperature for tapioca starch gelatinization prior to its use as a substrate for \u3b2-cyclodextrin production was 65\ub0C. The yield and initial production rate of \u3b2-cyclodextrin increased with increasing starch concentration up to 6% and an enzyme concentration up to 48 U/g-starch. The kinetic parameters of Vmax and Km of \u3b2-cyclodextrin production from tapioca starch by CGTase were 1.59 mg/mL/h and 22.3 mg/mL, respectively. Considering high initial production rate and high yield of \u3b2-cyclodextrin, the optimum reaction temperature was at 50\ub0C. This study provided the necessary kinetic information that may be useful to define the most suitable condition for industrialized production of \u3b2-cyclodextrin with the high yield and productivity

Encapsulation of Essential Oils by Cyclodextrins: Characterization and Evaluation

The essential oils normally had low physicochemical stability and low solubility in water. These facts limit their industrial applications in general and in food formulations particularly. This chapter characterizes the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three encapsulated essential oils – guava leaf, yarrow and black pepper essential oils – in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)

Evaluating of Several Parameters in Marine Chlorella sp. Flocculation Process, and Biodiesel Production via Chlorophyll-Extracted Microalgal Biomass (CEMB)

The screening for a high efficient method in harvesting microalgae is an important step to a large scale microalgal biodiesel production.  Magnesium salt (MgSO4·7H2O) concentration of 0.0083 gram per litter of marine Chlorella sp. culture with biomass concentration of 3.78 g/L showed the highest flocculation efficiency (FE) of 94.63%  at pH of 11 after only 10 minutes of flocculation time.  There was no any difference of FE between two different volumes of culture, after 10 minutes of flocculation. Keywords:  Chu 13, flocculation efficiency, magnesium salt, marine Chlorella sp.,         photoautotroph, rapid harvestin

Statistical Optimization for Cost-Effective Production of Yeast-Bacterium Cell-Bound Lipases Using Blended Oily Wastes and Their Potential Applications in Biodiesel Synthesis and Wastewater Bioremediation

Oily wastes have been widely used to produce lipases, but there is insufficient knowledge on their use to efficiently produce cell-bound lipases (CBLs). This research aimed to optimize yeast–bacterium CBLs production using blended oily wastes by statistical optimization and their potential applications in biodiesel production and wastewater bioremediation. The co-culture of Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2 and Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 produced CBLs as high as 4709 U/L with cell biomass of 23.4 g/L in a two-fold diluted palm oil mill effluent (POME) added by 2.08% (v/v) waste frying oil, 1.72.0% (w/v) ammonium sulfate, 0.1% (w/v) Gum Arabic as an emulsifier (initial pH at 7.0) within 24 h. The CBLs were successfully applied as whole-cell biocatalysts to produce biodiesel through esterification and transesterification with 76% and 87% yields, respectively. Direct application of CBLs for bioremediation of heat-treated various POME concentrations achieved 73.3% oil and grease removal and 73.6% COD removal within 3 days. This study has shown that the blended oily wastes medium was suitable for low-cost production of yeast–bacterium CBLs and their potential applications in solvent-free biodiesel production and wastewater bioremediation. These strategies may greatly contribute to economical green biofuel production and waste biotreatment

Statistical Optimization for Cost-Effective Production of Yeast-Bacterium Cell-Bound Lipases Using Blended Oily Wastes and Their Potential Applications in Biodiesel Synthesis and Wastewater Bioremediation

Oily wastes have been widely used to produce lipases, but there is insufficient knowledge on their use to efficiently produce cell-bound lipases (CBLs). This research aimed to optimize yeast–bacterium CBLs production using blended oily wastes by statistical optimization and their potential applications in biodiesel production and wastewater bioremediation. The co-culture of Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2 and Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 produced CBLs as high as 4709 U/L with cell biomass of 23.4 g/L in a two-fold diluted palm oil mill effluent (POME) added by 2.08% (v/v) waste frying oil, 1.72.0% (w/v) ammonium sulfate, 0.1% (w/v) Gum Arabic as an emulsifier (initial pH at 7.0) within 24 h. The CBLs were successfully applied as whole-cell biocatalysts to produce biodiesel through esterification and transesterification with 76% and 87% yields, respectively. Direct application of CBLs for bioremediation of heat-treated various POME concentrations achieved 73.3% oil and grease removal and 73.6% COD removal within 3 days. This study has shown that the blended oily wastes medium was suitable for low-cost production of yeast–bacterium CBLs and their potential applications in solvent-free biodiesel production and wastewater bioremediation. These strategies may greatly contribute to economical green biofuel production and waste biotreatment

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from a newly isolated alkalophilic <i>Bacillus</i> sp. C26

A cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) producing bacterium was isolated from a farm soil sample and identified as Bacillus sp. C26. The highest CGTase production by Bacillus sp. C26 was achieved using 1% (w/v) sago starch and 1%(w/v) yeast extract as carbon source and nitrogen source, respectively with an initial pH of 10 and a temperature of 37oC. Other carbon sources such as soluble starch and rice starch were almost as good as sago starch but tapioca and corn were poor substrates for CGTase production. There was very little difference between the various N-sources tested i.e. peptone, tryptone and yeast extract. Under the optimal conditions, the specific growth rate and CGTase production rate of Bacillus sp.C26 were 0.193 h-1 and 5.94 U mg-1 h-1, respectively. The partially purified CGTase from Bacillus sp. C26 exhibited 2 peaks of optimum pH at 6.0 and 8.5 and had an optimum temperature of 65oC. The enzyme was stable from pH 7.0 to 9.0 and retained its high activity up to 50oC