La résilience organisationnelle : étude exploratoire au sein des entreprises du Bas-Saint-Laurent et de la Côte-Nord

RÉSUMÉ: Crise, incertitude, complexité, turbulence, autant de mots qui caractérisent l'environnement dans lequel nous vivons aujourd'hui. Si les compétences stratégiques et l'efficacité opérationnelle fournissaient des réponses suffisantes aux entreprises en des temps où les environnements restaient stables sur des périodes assez longues, les travaux récents sur la fiabilité organisationnelle ou encore sur la gestion de crise n'apportent pas toutes les réponses aux organisations devant survivre dans ces périodes de fortes turbulences. La résilience organisationnelle serait l'une des réponses possibles. Cette approche, plutôt que de s'opposer directement à l'aléa, vise à anticiper les crises, à comprendre qu'elles résultent à la fois d'une accumulation de fragilités et d'aveuglements à la présence de ces vulnérabilités. Il est important que les organisations développent leur résilience car il existe une relation intrinsèque entre la résilience organisationnelle et l'amélioration de la résilience des communautés. Cette recherche s'inscrit dans cette vision et vise à tracer un portrait de la résilience des organisations du Bas-Saint-Laurent et de la Côte-Nord, particulièrement des organisations travaillant par projet. Un outil méthodologique visant à mesurer la résilience ainsi qu'un sondage envoyé à un échantillon aléatoire d'organisations du Bas-Saint-Laurent et de la Côte-Nord, ont été développés pour concrétiser cette recherche. Des contributions importantes ressortent de ce mémoire dont un nouveau portrait de la résilience organisationnelle au Bas-Saint-Laurent et à la Côte-Nord ainsi qu'un outil de mesure de la résilience et d'analyse comparative des organisations par rapport à leurs secteurs d'activités. Ensemble, ces contributions au concept de résilience organisationnelle fournissent plusieurs informations sur les forces et les faiblesses de l'organisation. Cette prise de conscience permettra aux organisations d'avoir une résilience proactive, d'être capables de traverser les crises, faciliter le changement et avoir un avantage concurrentiel dans leur secteur. -- Mot(s) clé(s) en français : Résilience, crise, organisations, vulnérabilités, gestion de projet. -- ABSTRACT: Crisis, uncertainty, complexity, turbulence, many words that characterize the environment in which we live today. If strategic skills and operational efficiency provided sufficient answers to otganizations in times when environments remain stable over long periods, recent works on organizational or reliability of crisis management do not provide all the answers for the organizations to survive in these times of turbulence. Organizational resilience is one of the possible answers. This approach aims to anticipate crises, to understand that they result from both an accumulation of weakness and blindness to the presence of these vulnerabilities. It is important that organizations develop their resilience, as there is an intrinsic relationship between organizational resilience and enhancing community resilience. This research is a part of this vision and aims to draw a portrait of the resilience in the Bas Saint Laurent and the North coast (province of Québec) organizations, especially organizations using project management. A methodological tool to measure resilience and a survey sent to a random sample of organizations based on the studied region, have been developed to implement this research. Important contributions emerge from this memory include a new portrait of organizational resilience in the Bas Saint Laurent and the North coast of Québec, and a tool to measure resilience and benchmarking organizations to their sectors. Together, these contributions to the concept of organizational resilience provide more information about the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. This awareness will allow organizations to have a proactive resilience and to be able to weather crises, facilitate change and have a competitive advantage in their sector. -- Mot(s) clé(s) en anglais : crisis, organizations, vulnerabilities, project management

Para testicular rhabdomyosarcoma in adults: three case reports and review of literature

Paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor arising from the mesenchymal tissues of the spermatic cord, epididymis, testis and testicular tunics. We report three cases of adult paratesticular RMS, two embryonic and one pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. All the patients underwent diagnostic orchidectomy. The work up investigations revealed lung metastases. Chemotherapy with Ifosfamide and Doxorubicin was used in two cases, whereas Vincristin- Actinomycin D and Cyclophosphamide was received in one case. An objective partial response was reported in 2 cases, with complete response in one case. Paratesticular RMS is a rare and aggressive tumor. Because of the absence of protocols designed specifically for adult patients, it is necessary to follow therapeutic guidelines in pediatric protocols

Embryonic paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: a case report

INTRODUCTION: An embryonic paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare mesenchymal tumor. It is an intrascrotal tumor that is localized in paratesticular structures such as the epididymis or spermatic cord. Rhabdomyosarcoma is most often observed in children and adolescents, presenting as a painless scrotal mass. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient was an 18-year-old Moroccan man who presented with a painless left scrotal mass that had evolved over four months. An inguinal orchiectomy was performed. A histological examination of the excised tissue revealed an embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma. Our patient had three sessions of chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin C and cyclophosphamide. Each chemotherapy session was conducted over five days, with a cycle of 21 days. Our patient was assessed two months after the last chemotherapy session and demonstrated good clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare aggressive tumor manifesting in children and very young adults. Localized forms have a good prognosis whereas metastatic tumors show very poor results. A well-defined treatment based on surgery and chemotherapy yields good results

Sol-gel synthesis of 45S5 bioglass – Prosthetic coating by electrophoretic deposition

In this work, the 45S5 bioactive glass has been prepared by the sol-gel process using an organic acid catalyst instead of nitric acid usually used. The physico-chemical and structural characterizations confirmed and validated the elemental composition of the resulting glass. In addition, the 45S5 bioactive glass powder thus obtained was successfully used to elaborate by electrophoretic deposition a prosthetic coating on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Electrodeposition of biphasic calcium phosphate coatings with improved dissolution properties

Biphasic calcium phosphate coatings (hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate) on titanium substrate (Ti6Al4V) are synthetized by pulsed current electrodeposition coupled to a thermal treatment under controlled atmosphere. The experimental conditions of the process such as the hydrogen peroxide amount and the treatment temperature are optimized in order to obtain different coatings compositions. The physico-chemical and structural characterizations of the coatings are carried out respectively by scanning electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The in vitro dissolution-precipitation properties of the coated substrates are investigated by immersions into Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) from 1 to 28 days. The calcium and phosphorus concentrations variations in the biological liquid are assessed by Induced Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for each immersion time. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior of the coated substrates are investigated using potentiodynamic polarization tests in DMEM and in Ringer's solution. The results show that this innovative process is suitable to synthesize two coatings composed respectively of HAP (37%)/β-TCP (63%) and HAP (62%)/β-TCP (38%) with different morphologies. On the other hand, the in vitro studies reveal that the coatings composition greatly influences their behavior in physiological medium, i.e. their dissolution-precipitation and their corrosion protection properties

Fast Flux-Activated Leakage Reduction for Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Quantum computers will require quantum error correction to reach the low error rates necessary for solving problems that surpass the capabilities of conventional computers. One of the dominant errors limiting the performance of quantum error correction codes across multiple technology platforms is leakage out of the computational subspace arising from the multi-level structure of qubit implementations. Here, we present a resource-efficient universal leakage reduction unit for superconducting qubits using parametric flux modulation. This operation removes leakage down to our measurement accuracy of $7\cdot 10^{-4}$ in approximately $50\, \mathrm{ns}$ with a low error of $2.5(1)\cdot 10^{-3}$ on the computational subspace, thereby reaching durations and fidelities comparable to those of single-qubit gates. We demonstrate that using the leakage reduction unit in repeated weight-two stabilizer measurements reduces the total number of detected errors in a scalable fashion to close to what can be achieved using leakage-rejection methods which do not scale. Our approach does neither require additional control electronics nor on-chip components and is applicable to both auxiliary and data qubits. These benefits make our method particularly attractive for mitigating leakage in large-scale quantum error correction circuits, a crucial requirement for the practical implementation of fault-tolerant quantum computation

Nanocristallisation superficielle d'alliages de titane Ti6A14V (application au biomédical)

Ce travail présente l application et l optimisation du procédé de nanocristallisation superficielle (Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment ou SMAT) et du procédé duplex SMAT/nitruration sur l alliage de titane Ti6A14V utilisé en chirurgie orthopédique. Le SMAT permet d améliorer les propriétés mécaniques d un matériau grâce à la formation d une couche déformée en surface composée de très petits grains. Le procédé de nitruration quant à lui, augmente la résistance à l usure d un matériau par diffusion d azote et création de nitrures à la surface d un matériau. La comparaison de la résistance à l usure du Ti6Al4V traité par différentes conditions de SMAT et de nitruration ont permis de restreindre l étude à une condition (nommée C1). Ainsi, les mesures de rugosité ont montré une diminution de la rugosité des échantillons traités par SMAT (avec et sans nitruration) ainsi qu une augmentation de la dureté en surface. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mis au point une méthodologie pour caractériser la microstructure des échantillons traités par SMAT C1 et traités par SMAT-nitrurés par microscopie électronique (MEB et MET). Ces études ont révélé que le traitement SMAT crée une zone déformée d environ 60 m avec des grains plus petits que dans le Ti6A14V brut, avec notamment des grains de 50 nm de diamètre en extrême surface. Lorsque le SMAT est couplé à la nitruration à basse température (375C), l épaisseur de la couche nitrurée diminue jusqu à 20 m tout en conservant des fins grains. En revanche, à haute température (730C), la microstructure du SMAT est remplacée par des gros grains et des analyses par DRX indiquent que des nitrures se sont formés. L augmentation de la dureté constatée peut être soit liée à la nanocristallisation générée par le SMAT, soit à la présence de nitrures à haute température. Enfin, des tests préliminaires de biocompatibilité indiquent que le Ti6A14V traité par SMAT reste biocompatible puisque les cellules MG 63 utilisées ont adhéré et proliféré sur les échantillons traités par SMAT. Nous avons également exploré la possibilité d améliorer la biocompatibilité du Ti6A14V en le revêtant de matériaux bioactifs comme l hydroxyapatite (HAP) ou le bio verre.This work presents the application and the optimization of the surface nanocrystallization process (Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment or SMAT) and the duplex SMAT/nitriding process to the titanium alloy Ti6A14V used in orthopedic surgery. On the one hand, the SMAT improves the mechanical properties of a material through the formation at the surface of a deformed layer composed of very small grains. The nitriding process increases the wear resistance of a material by diffusion of nitrogen and creation of nitrides in the surface of a material. The comparison of wear resistance of Ti6A14V treated by different conditions of SMAT and nitriding has allowed us to limit our study to the condition referred to as C1. Thus, roughness measurements showed a decrease of roughness and an increase in hardness of the surface for the C1-SMAted and SMATed/nitrided samples compared to untreated Ti6A14V. In a second step, we have developed a methodology to characterize the microstructure of C1 SMATed and SMAT-nitrided samples by electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). These studies revealed that the C1 treatment created a deformed area of about 60 m thick with smaller grains than the untreated Ti6Al4V samples, in particulars with about 50 nm diameter grains in the extreme surface. When SMAT and low temperature nitriding (375 C) were combined, the thickness of the deformed layer decreased to 20 m but the small grains remained. On the contrary, at high nitriding temperatures (730 C), the microstructure of SMAT was replaced by coarse grains whilst XRD analyses indicated that nitrides formed. We assume that the improvement in hardness is either related to the nanocrystallization generated by SMAT or to the presence of nitrides at 730 C. Finally, preliminary biocompatibility tests have indicated that SMATed Ti6Al4V is biocompatible since the MG-63 cells we used adhered and proliferated on SMATed surfaces. Additionally, we have also explored the coating of Ti6A14V with bioactive materials (hydroxyapatite and bioglass) to improve its biocompatibility.REIMS-SCD-Bib. electronique (514549901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Contribution à la microanalyse X des revêtements superficiels. Application aux biomatériaux

L objet de l étude concerne la caractérisation physico-chimique des revêtements superficiels par microanalyse x et son application a l étude des revêtements prothétiques phosphocalciques. Nous avons étudies les mécanismes de formation des phosphates de calcium par electrodeposition. Nous avons vérifie les hypothèses avancées par une étude portant sur l influence de la densité de courant sur les phosphates de calcium électrodéposés. Pour caractériser ces revêtements, nous avons développé une méthodologie en microanalyse x basée sur la complémentarité de la microscopie électronique a balayage et de la microscopie électronique a balayage transmission. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux cartographies quantitatives des films minces sur substrats. Nous avons illustre l impact de l hétérogénéité du substrat sur la quantification des films minces ; puis, nous avons présente TF_Quantif, l algorithme de quantification (concentrations et épaisseurs) que nous préconisons pour s affranchir de ces problèmes. Nous avons aussi mené une étude théorique pour déterminer les limites d application de TF_Quantif. Enfin, nous avons présenté les développements logiciels et instrumentaux nécessaires a l utilisation de TF_Quantif et nous avons effectue des profils et cartographies quantitatifs sur des films minces (de composition et d épaisseur connue) sur substrats hétérogènes ainsi que sur un revêtement de phosphate de calcium. Les résultats ont été compares avec ceux obtenus par un logiciel de quantification que nous avons développé a partir du logiciel commercial STRATAGem (SAMx, France).This work deals with electron probe microanalysis of thin films and its application to thickness and concentration determination in the case of prosthetic calcium phosphate coatings. In a first part, we have studied the formation mechanisms of calcium phosphate elaborated by electrodeposition. We carried out a methodology based on the complementarities of scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission microscopy both associated to x-ray microanalysis. This method allowed us to verify our hypothesis about calcium phosphate formation and showed that the current density is directly connected to the kind of electrodeposited calcium phosphate. In a second part, we have carried out quantitative elemental mapping of thin film on heterogeneous substrate. Through different examples, we showed that substrate heterogeneity has a direct influence on the thin film quantification. We developed a new quantification algorithm called tf_quantif which allows us removing substrate effects during the analysis associated to a theoretical approach which determine the thickness limit of this method. Moreover, we presented the quantification software and experimental setup developed in order to use tf_quantif . Finally, we applied tf_quantif on quantitive profiles and maps on several kinds of thin films on heterogeneous substrate (including electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings). The results were compared to those obtained from commercial software (stratagem, samx, france). We showed that our quantification algorithm gave better results in the case of thickness determination and could be successfully applied in the case of quantitative maps of thin film on heterogeneous substrate.REIMS-BU Sciences (514542101) / SudocSudocFranceF