Risk estimation of cardiovascular patients using Weka

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most prevalent cause of deaths worldwideand their prevention requires major life-style changes using limited health-care resources.Remote decision support for cardiovascular patients seems to allow them to lead a productivelife and to minimize the costs of treatment. In this paper, risk estimation of cardiovascularpatients on the basis of collected data used in our developing decision-makingsupport system is described. The system makes use of some data mining techniqueswhich are implemented in open source software tool Weka - Waikato Environment forKnowledge Analysis. The integration of Weka with our system, a description of used riskestimation models based on data mining techniques, and experimental results showing theperformance of these models are also given

LITES: Rotational Raman Spectra of Air Molecules Measured by High-Resolution-Spectroscopy Lidar

© 2021 Optical Society of America. Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/We present first measurement from a new lidar facility that has been designed and built at the University of Hertforshire since 2012. LITES (Lidar Innovations for Technologies and Environmental Sciences) allows for testing, developping and measuring a multitude of, e.g. climate-change relevant parameters of atmospheric particulate pollution and photo-chemically reactive trace gases. The core of LITES consists of a lidar spectroscopy instrument. In this first contribution we present the design and specifications of this instrument, its performance and potential applications. We show first examples of measurements of range-resolved pure rotational Raman spectra and rotational-vibrational Raman spectra of air molecules with a spectral resolution better than 5 cm-1. We also present day-time temperature profiles obtained from pure rotational spectroscopic lidar signals. In future work we want to explore the potential to what extent measurements of range-resolved Raman spectrums with our multi-channel high-resolution spectrometric lidar can lead to a vertically resolved chemical characterization of aerosols and trace gases.Peer reviewe

Numerical Estimation of Spectral Properties of Laser Based on Rate Equations

Laser spectral properties are essential to evaluate the performance of optical communication systems. In general, the power spectral density of the phase noise has a crucial impact on spectral properties of the unmodulated laser signal. Here the white Gaussian noise and 1/f-noise are taken into the consideration. By utilizing the time-dependent realizations of the instantaneous optical power and the phase simultaneously, it is possible to estimate the power spectral density or alternatively the power spectrum of an unmodulated laser signal shifted to the baseband and thus estimate the laser linewidth. In this work, we report on the theoretical approach to analyse unmodulated real-valued high-frequency stationary random passband signal of laser, followed by presenting the numerical model of the distributed feedback laser to emulate the time-dependent optical power and the instantaneous phase, as two important time domain laser attributes. The laser model is based on numerical solving the rate equations using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. This way, we show the direct estimation of the power spectral density and the laser linewidth, when time-dependent laser characteristics are known

Strain-induced Pockels effect in silicon waveguides

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Monitoring of polarization-based effects in fiber-optic transmission link caused by environmental variations

The fast transmission of signals around the globe is fundamental to the flow of information for our society. A long-haul transmission certainly represents one of the key advancements that shaped modern ways of communicating and offers a nearly instant access to any available data or a latest information. However, fiber-optic transmission typically suffers from a variety of physical impairments that degrade the signal quality, thus imposing limits on both, the achievable transmission capacity and data reach. Of particular concerns are stochastic fiber impairments, primarily represented by polarization mode dispersion (PMD). The PMD originates from a random birefringence caused by imperfect fiber circularity and other, both internal and external, effects, basically completely re-defining the light polarization state of output signal compared to its initial counterpart. The PMD is particularly critical as it restricts operation of fiber-optic links running at speeds higher than 10 Gbps. This, in turn, hinders fiber link re-adaption towards higher transmission bit rates in future, however. In this context, both in-line link monitoring and testing of PMD-based effects is of great importance within the recently used optical fiber links. However, polarization-based effects are also very sensitive to the environmental changes, substantially degrading transmitted optical signals and reducing link quality. In this work, we provide experimental characterization for PMD-based propagation effects in optical fibers influenced by wind gusts. The investigation was performed on commercially used fiber-optic link that runs through optical power ground wire cables. The 111-km-long optical link under study comprised installed optical fibers with available 88 channels. Here, we monitored environmental changes caused by wind conditions over several consecutive days with a 60 second time frame and sensed PMD impact on the link performance. Here, differential group delay (DGD) was chosen to be a key parameter, enabling for sensitive characterization of wind related link changes. Measured maximum DGD’s were 4 and 10 ps for wind speeds up to 5 and 20 m/s, respectively. In addition, experimentally measured data were used in numerical model to assess the optical link quality. For a low wind condition, we observed negligible quality degradation in the optical link, considering transmission bit rates of 10, 40, and 100 Gbps. Conversely, in case of strong wind condition, the optical link maintained a reliable operation only for established 10 Gbps, while significant link degradation was observed for bit rates of 40 and 100 Gbps. Our work shows promising way to effectively sense and monitor undesired environmental variations and their impact on polarization-based fiber link propagation effects, which in turn, can allow an instant link quality evaluation

High speed characteristics of strained-induced Pockels effect in silicon

International audienceWith the fast growing demand of data, current chip-scale communication systems based on electrical links suffer rate limitations and high power consumptions to address these new requirements. In this context, Silicon Photonics has proven to be a viable alternative by replacing electronic links with optical ones while taking advantage of the well-established CMOS foundries techniques to reduce fabrication costs. However, silicon, in spite of being an excellent material to guide light, its centrosymmetry prevents second order nonlinear effects to exist, such as Pockels effect an electro-optic effect extensively used in high speed and low power consumption data transmission. Nevertheless, straining silicon by means of stressed thin films allows breaking the crystal symmetry and eventually enhancing Pockels effect. However the semiconductor nature of silicon makes the analysis of Pockels effect a challenging task because free carriers have a direct impact, through plasma dispersion effect, on its efficiency, which in turn complicates the estimation of the second order susceptibility necessary for further optimizations. However, this analysis is more relaxed working in high-speed regime because of the frequency limitation of free carriers-based modulation. In this work, we report experimental results on the modulation characteristics based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers strained by silicon nitride. We demonstrated high speed Pockels-based optical modulation up to 25 GHz in the C-band

Low-loss grating-coupled optical interfaces for large-volume fabrication with deep-ultraviolet optical lithography

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L-shaped fiber-chip grating couplers with high- directionality and low reflectivity fabricated with deep-UV lithography

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Experimental study of subwavelength grating bimodal waveguides as ultrasensitive interferometric sensors

[EN] Over the recent years, subwavelength grating (SWG) structures have increasingly attracted attention in the area of evanescent-field photonic sensors. In this Letter, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the real-time refractive index (RI) sensing using the SWG bimodal interferometric structures. Two different configurations are considered to compare the effect of the nonlinear phase shift, obtained between the two first transverse electromagnetic propagating modes, in the measured bulk sensitivity. Very high experimental values up to 2270 nm/RIU are reached, which perfectly match the numerical simulations and significantly enhance other existing SWG and spectralbased sensors. By measuring the spectral shift, the obtained experimental sensitivity does not depend on the sensor length. As a result, a highly sensitive and compact singlechannel interferometer is experimentally validated for refractive index sensing, thus opening new paths in the field of optical integrated sensors.European Commission (PHC-634013 PHOCNOSIS project); Spanish Government (TEC2015-63838-C3-1-R-OPTONANOSENS project); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (grant PAID 01-18).Torrijos-Morán, L.; Griol Barres, A.; García-Rupérez, J. (2019). Experimental study of subwavelength grating bimodal waveguides as ultrasensitive interferometric sensors. Optics Letters. 44(19):4702-4705. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.004702S470247054419Cheben, P., Xu, D.-X., Janz, S., & Densmore, A. (2006). Subwavelength waveguide grating for mode conversion and light coupling in integrated optics. Optics Express, 14(11), 4695. doi:10.1364/oe.14.004695Schmid, J. H., Cheben, P., Janz, S., Lapointe, J., Post, E., & Xu, D.-X. (2007). Gradient-index antireflective subwavelength structures for planar waveguide facets. Optics Letters, 32(13), 1794. doi:10.1364/ol.32.001794Bock, P. J., Cheben, P., Schmid, J. H., Lapointe, J., Delâge, A., Janz, S., … Hall, T. J. (2010). Subwavelength grating periodic structures in silicon-on-insulator: a new type of microphotonic waveguide. Optics Express, 18(19), 20251. doi:10.1364/oe.18.020251Halir, R., Bock, P. J., Cheben, P., Ortega‐Moñux, A., Alonso‐Ramos, C., Schmid, J. H., … Janz, S. (2014). Waveguide sub‐wavelength structures: a review of principles and applications. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 9(1), 25-49. doi:10.1002/lpor.201400083Cheben, P., Halir, R., Schmid, J. H., Atwater, H. A., & Smith, D. R. (2018). Subwavelength integrated photonics. Nature, 560(7720), 565-572. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0421-7Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez, J., Cheben, P., Ortega-Moñux, A., Alonso-Ramos, C., Pérez-Galacho, D., Halir, R., … Schmid, J. H. (2014). Evanescent field waveguide sensing with subwavelength grating structures in silicon-on-insulator. Optics Letters, 39(15), 4442. doi:10.1364/ol.39.004442Donzella, V., Sherwali, A., Flueckiger, J., Grist, S. M., Fard, S. T., & Chrostowski, L. (2015). Design and fabrication of SOI micro-ring resonators based on sub-wavelength grating waveguides. Optics Express, 23(4), 4791. doi:10.1364/oe.23.004791Flueckiger, J., Schmidt, S., Donzella, V., Sherwali, A., Ratner, D. M., Chrostowski, L., & Cheung, K. C. (2016). Sub-wavelength grating for enhanced ring resonator biosensor. Optics Express, 24(14), 15672. doi:10.1364/oe.24.015672Yan, H., Huang, L., Xu, X., Chakravarty, S., Tang, N., Tian, H., & Chen, R. T. (2016). Unique surface sensing property and enhanced sensitivity in microring resonator biosensors based on subwavelength grating waveguides. Optics Express, 24(26), 29724. doi:10.1364/oe.24.029724Huang, L., Yan, H., Xu, X., Chakravarty, S., Tang, N., Tian, H., & Chen, R. T. (2017). Improving the detection limit for on-chip photonic sensors based on subwavelength grating racetrack resonators. Optics Express, 25(9), 10527. doi:10.1364/oe.25.010527Benedikovic, D., Berciano, M., Alonso-Ramos, C., Le Roux, X., Cassan, E., Marris-Morini, D., & Vivien, L. (2017). Dispersion control of silicon nanophotonic waveguides using sub-wavelength grating metamaterials in near- and mid-IR wavelengths. Optics Express, 25(16), 19468. doi:10.1364/oe.25.019468Halir, R., Cheben, P., Luque‐González, J. M., Sarmiento‐Merenguel, J. D., Schmid, J. H., Wangüemert‐Pérez, G., … Molina‐Fernández, Í. (2016). Ultra‐broadband nanophotonic beamsplitter using an anisotropic sub‐wavelength metamaterial. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 10(6), 1039-1046. doi:10.1002/lpor.201600213Luque-González, J. M., Herrero-Bermello, A., Ortega-Moñux, A., Molina-Fernández, Í., Velasco, A. V., Cheben, P., … Halir, R. (2018). Tilted subwavelength gratings: controlling anisotropy in metamaterial nanophotonic waveguides. Optics Letters, 43(19), 4691. doi:10.1364/ol.43.004691Jahani, S., Kim, S., Atkinson, J., Wirth, J. C., Kalhor, F., Noman, A. A., … Jacob, Z. (2018). Controlling evanescent waves using silicon photonic all-dielectric metamaterials for dense integration. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04276-8Torrijos-Morán, L., & García-Rupérez, J. (2019). Single-channel bimodal interferometric sensor using subwavelength structures. Optics Express, 27(6), 8168. doi:10.1364/oe.27.008168Levy, R., & Ruschin, S. (2009). Design of a Single-Channel Modal Interferometer Waveguide Sensor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 9(2), 146-1. doi:10.1109/jsen.2008.2011075Zinoviev, K. E., Gonzalez-Guerrero, A. B., Dominguez, C., & Lechuga, L. M. (2011). Integrated Bimodal Waveguide Interferometric Biosensor for Label-Free Analysis. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 29(13), 1926-1930. doi:10.1109/jlt.2011.2150734Kozma, P., Kehl, F., Ehrentreich-Förster, E., Stamm, C., & Bier, F. F. (2014). Integrated planar optical waveguide interferometer biosensors: A comparative review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 58, 287-307. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.049Levy, R., & Ruschin, S. (2008). Critical sensitivity in hetero-modal interferometric sensor using spectral interrogation. Optics Express, 16(25), 20516. doi:10.1364/oe.16.020516García-Rupérez, J., Toccafondo, V., Bañuls, M. J., Castelló, J. G., Griol, A., Peransi-Llopis, S., & Maquieira, Á. (2010). Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime. Optics Express, 18(23), 24276. doi:10.1364/oe.18.024276Zhang, W., Serna, S., Le Roux, X., Vivien, L., & Cassan, E. (2016). Highly sensitive refractive index sensing by fast detuning the critical coupling condition of slot waveguide ring resonators. Optics Letters, 41(3), 532. doi:10.1364/ol.41.000532Di Falco, A., O’Faolain, L., & Krauss, T. F. (2009). Chemical sensing in slotted photonic crystal heterostructure cavities. Applied Physics Letters, 94(6), 063503. doi:10.1063/1.3079671Molina-Fernández, Í., Leuermann, J., Ortega-Moñux, A., Wangüemert-Pérez, J. G., & Halir, R. (2019). Fundamental limit of detection of photonic biosensors with coherent phase read-out. Optics Express, 27(9), 12616. doi:10.1364/oe.27.01261

On-chip Bragg grating waveguides and Fabry-Perot resonators for long-wave infrared operation up to 8.4 µm

International audienceTaking advantage of unique molecular absorption lines in the mid-infrared fingerprint region and of the atmosphere transparency window (3-5 µm and 8-14 µm), mid-infrared silicon photonics has attracted more research activities with a great potential for applications in different areas, including spectroscopy, remote sensing, free-space communication and many others. However, the demonstration of resonant structures operating at long-wave infrared wavelengths still remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate Bragg grating-based Fabry-Perot resonators based on Ge-rich SiGe waveguides with broadband operation in the mid-infrared. Bragg grating waveguides are investigated first at different wavelengths from 5.4 µm up to 8.4 µm, showing a rejection band up to 21 dB. Integrated Fabry-Perot resonators are then demonstrated for the first time in the 8 µm-wavelength range, showing Q-factors as high as 2200. This first demonstration of integrated mid-infrared Fabry-Perot resonators paves the way towards resonance-enhanced sensing circuits and non-linear based devices at these wavelengths