Aspectos estratégicos da marca para a construção da imagem empresarial

Este artigo nasce como ulterior aprofundamento e reflexão sobre temas relativos ao design gráfico e às suas diversas formas de expressão e declinação, com o desejo de colocar maior atenção nas problemáticas concernentes ao projeto em duas dimensões. Ludibriados pela cultura superficial das mídias (que, todavia, “fazem opinião), quem se aproxima desta disciplina, seja aquele que frequenta um curso de estudos específicos ou um autodidata, frequentemente ignora ou confunde o significado semântico e cultural de alguns termos específicos usados no setor. O objetivo didático deste texto é, portanto, ilustrar alguns aspectos propedêuticos e estratégicos inerentes ao projeto de design gráfico. Partindo do esclarecimento dos conceitos de caráter geral, foram abordados vários âmbitos do setor disciplinar, com foco sobre problemáticas peculiares de cada um destes. A análise realizada permitiu a delineação da estrutura geral do âmbito da intervenção, os componentes fundamentais e as modalidades de relação entre essas, permitindo identificar quais devam ser as regras conceituais por meios das quais organizar um artefato comunicativo. Confirma-se assim, de forma clara, o pertencimento do design gráfico e do design visual à mais vasta e articulada área da cultura do projeto

FROM A WASTE TO A SECONDARY MATERIAL: GOING TOWARDS A MORE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Il testo documenta gli esiti della ricerca “Calcestruzzo Etico” (finanziata dalla Regione Toscana con Bando Unico R&S anno 2012) che ha visto coinvolte tre realtà industriali toscane (Unibloc s.r.l., capofila del progetto, S.A.M. Engineering s.p.a. e La Revet Vetri s.r.l.) e due enti di ricerca universitari (DiDA - Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Firenze e ABC - Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito, del Politecnico di Milano). Essa ha focalizzato l’attenzione su problematiche di carattere ambientale finalizzate, in chiave di sostenibilità, di efficienza energetica e di economicità, alla verifica di nuove prospettive nella produzione dei componenti edilizi e, di conseguenza, dei manufatti architettonici. In tal senso anziché sottrarre ulteriori materie prime all’ambiente e impiegare mezzi e risorse per trasformarle, alcuni rifiuti possono tramutarsi in utile “materia seconda” per lo stesso fine, innescando però anche una serie di virtuose conseguenze. In particolare attraverso il fuoco (energia termica) è stata data nuova vita agli scarti del riciclo del vetro (circa 250.000 tonnellate che ogni anno vanno smaltite in discarica): un mix di materiali a prevalenza vetrosi e sporchi di materiale organico. In particolare durante la ricerca si è verificato che tale mix permette di produrre foam glass (vetro schiuma, vetro espanso) senza l'uso di costosi catalizzatori e con una richiesta energetica significativamente inferiore a quella necessaria per ottenere il foam glass da materie prime "nuove" come attualmente in uso nell'industria del calcestruzzo. Inoltre le ricerca ha verificato la possibilità di utilizzo di tale materia prima seconda (MPS) come aggregato per manufatti in calcestruzzo vibrocompresso e in pannelli confrontandone le prestazioni con manufatti già in produzione e dalle uguali geometrie al fine di valutare le potenzialità di utilizzo, i vantaggi e limiti industriali e di mercato, oltre che le diverse ricadute in termini ambientali ed energetici

Landscape as Strategy for Environmental Multi-functionality

The urban landscape is the result of both public and private choices stratified over the time, which involve material, immaterial, socio-economic, cultural, functional and aesthetic aspects. The territory is as a complex set of resources, in which elements of the different capitals (economic, social, natural, etc.) coexist. The ecosystems included in the natural capital provide essential goods and services, such as the fertile land, productive seas, drinking water, climate regulation, etc. The environmental question has opened up to new interpretations of the landscape. Innovative ex-ante and ex-post evaluation tools of the ecosystemic dimension of projects offer new ways of designing and representing the space. The article aims at deepening the models of landscape design and representation that contemplate the ecosystem value, overcoming the consolidated sectorial modalities. The landscape is conceived as a synthesis of the ecosystem services. The environmental design is combined with the representation through the introduction of new analytical, cognitive and predictive tools

Understanding Factors Associated With Psychomotor Subtypes of Delirium in Older Inpatients With Dementia

Objectives: Few studies have analyzed factors associated with delirium subtypes. In this study, we investigate factors associated with subtypes of delirium only in patients with dementia to provide insights on the possible prevention and treatments. Design: This is a cross-sectional study nested in the \u201cDelirium Day\u201d study, a nationwide Italian point-prevalence study. Setting and Participants: Older patients admitted to 205 acute and 92 rehabilitation hospital wards. Measures: Delirium was evaluated with the 4-AT and the motor subtypes with the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Dementia was defined by the presence of a documented diagnosis in the medical records and/or prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine prior to admission. Results: Of the 1057 patients with dementia, 35% had delirium, with 25.6% hyperactive, 33.1% hypoactive, 34.5% mixed, and 6.7% nonmotor subtype. There were higher odds of having venous catheters in the hypoactive (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.81) and mixed type of delirium (OR 2.23, CI 1.43-3.46), whereas higher odds of urinary catheters in the hypoactive (OR 2.91, CI 1.92-4.39), hyperactive (OR 1.99, CI 1.23-3.21), and mixed types of delirium (OR 2.05, CI 1.36-3.07). We found higher odds of antipsychotics both in the hyperactive (OR 2.87, CI 1.81-4.54) and mixed subtype (OR 1.84, CI 1.24-2.75), whereas higher odds of antibiotics was present only in the mixed subtype (OR 1.91, CI 1.26-2.87). Conclusions and Implications: In patients with dementia, the mixed delirium subtype is the most prevalent followed by the hypoactive, hyperactive, and nonmotor subtype. Motor subtypes of delirium may be triggered by clinical factors, including the use of venous and urinary catheters, and the use of antipsychotics. Future studies are necessary to provide further insights on the possible pathophysiology of delirium in patients with dementia and to address the optimization of the management of potential risk factors

Drug Prescription and Delirium in Older Inpatients: Results From the Nationwide Multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and delirium, the association of specific drug categories with delirium, and the differences in drug-delirium association between medical and surgical units and according to dementia diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected during 2 waves of Delirium Day, a multicenter delirium prevalence study including patients (aged 65 years or older) admitted to acute and long-term care wards in Italy (2015-2016); in this study, only patients enrolled in acute hospital wards were selected (n = 4,133). Delirium was assessed according to score on the 4 "A's" Test. Prescriptions were classified by main drug categories; polypharmacy was defined as a prescription of drugs from 5 or more classes. Results: Of 4,133 participants, 969 (23.4%) had delirium. The general prevalence of polypharmacy was higher in patients with delirium (67.6% vs 63.0%, P =.009) but varied according to clinical settings. After adjustment for confounders, polypharmacy was associated with delirium only in patients admitted to surgical units (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-6.1). Insulin, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants were associated with delirium, whereas statins and angiotensin receptor blockers exhibited an inverse association. A stronger association was seen between typical and atypical antipsychotics and delirium in subjects free from dementia compared to individuals with dementia (typical: OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 2.94-6.31 without dementia vs OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26 with dementia; atypical: OR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.44-8.22 without dementia vs OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40 with dementia). The absence of antipsychotics among the prescribed drugs was inversely associated with delirium in the whole sample and in both of the hospital settings, but only in patients without dementia. Conclusions: Polypharmacy is significantly associated with delirium only in surgical units, raising the issue of the relevance of medication review in different clinical settings. Specific drug classes are associated with delirium depending on the clinical setting and dementia diagnosis, suggesting the need to further explore this relationship

Drug prescription and delirium in older inpatients: Results from the nationwide multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and delirium, the association of specific drug categories with delirium, and the differences in drug-delirium association between medical and surgical units and according to dementia diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected during 2 waves of Delirium Day, a multicenter delirium prevalence study including patients (aged 65 years or older) admitted to acute and long-term care wards in Italy (2015-2016); in this study, only patients enrolled in acute hospital wards were selected (n = 4,133). Delirium was assessed according to score on the 4 "A's" Test. Prescriptions were classified by main drug categories; polypharmacy was defined as a prescription of drugs from 5 or more classes. Results: Of 4,133 participants, 969 (23.4%) had delirium. The general prevalence of polypharmacy was higher in patients with delirium (67.6% vs 63.0%, P =.009) but varied according to clinical settings. After adjustment for confounders, polypharmacy was associated with delirium only in patients admitted to surgical units (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-6.1). Insulin, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants were associated with delirium, whereas statins and angiotensin receptor blockers exhibited an inverse association. A stronger association was seen between typical and atypical antipsychotics and delirium in subjects free from dementia compared to individuals with dementia (typical: OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 2.94-6.31 without dementia vs OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26 with dementia; atypical: OR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.44-8.22 without dementia vs OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40 with dementia). The absence of antipsychotics among the prescribed drugs was inversely associated with delirium in the whole sample and in both of the hospital settings, but only in patients without dementia. Conclusions: Polypharmacy is significantly associated with delirium only in surgical units, raising the issue of the relevance of medication review in different clinical settings. Specific drug classes are associated with delirium depending on the clinical setting and dementia diagnosis, suggesting the need to further explore this relationship