Hidden mass and dark matter

It is shown that the substance which is impossible to record in any spectra of electromagnetic radiation, which manifests itself in space only through gravity, cannot be considered a new, previously unknown type of matter – "black matter". The fundamental, unsolvable problems with this approach are demonstrated. The unrecorded substance is a common baryonic substance that makes up the "hidden mass". It has been hypothesized that the bulk of the hidden mass consists of asteroids composed of solid hydrogen. Their formation took place as a result of explosions of the first generation stars during the gravitational compression of hydrogen clouds in the warm-hot phase, accompanied by self-cooling due to losses associated with electromagnetic radiation. The paper shows at what ratios of physical parameters a similar process is triggered and its physical essence is explained. The possibility of yet another previously unknown direction of spontaneous gravitational compression is shown: compression with self-heating of small mass clouds, resulting in the formation of structures with a degenerate electron gas, including unstable ones. A separate chapter of this work is devoted to a discussion of the problems of the hot Universe model, on which the Big Bang model and the ΛCDM model are based

Explanation of the observed dynamics of matter in the Universe in the framework of classical gravity

The paper shows that the introduction of a new category of "dark energy" into the theory was premature. The observed dynamics of matter in the Universe can be explained within the framework of classical gravity, if the assumption about the existence of a primary plasma cloud at a certain evolutionary stage of the Universe is considered false. Comments are given on why this step is correct. The expansion of the Universe is not associated with the pressure that existed at any stage of its development, therefore, under the influence of gravitational forces, it must turn into compression, despite the observed accelerated motion of galaxies in the direction away from the terrestrial observer. In general, the universe is not cooling down, but heating up. The brief review of astronomical observations, presented in this paper, confirms the need to develop a new view of cosmology

The formation of a single star planetary system and heat balance of the planets

This paper considers the principles of planetary formation under gravitational compression of a calm, isolated, rarefied gas-dust cloud, different from the compression of a dense gas-dust cloud of a star cluster. The distinctive feature of such compression is the instantaneous formation at a certain stage of the evolution of a gas-dust cloud of a dense, high-energy plasma that makes up a protoplanetary nebula, in which heavy chemical elements are generated. A hypothesis of the scheme of a possible nucleosynthesis is presented. The new conditions for the formation of a protoplanetary cloud, regardless of the hypothesis put forward, entail a fundamentally new concept of planetary evolution. Almost from the very first moments of the formation of a protoplanetary cloud, the proto-nuclei of future planets with their intrinsic magnetic field and complex structure are formed even before the formation of protoplanets. Formed in a same spatial zone within a same process the proto-nuclei are the progenitors of all types of planets of stellar system, i.e., cores are not formed within planets due to gravitational differentiation and high pressure generated by gravitational forces, but rather the planets emerge from proto-nuclei. After a certain, relatively short period of time, the protoplanetary cloud becomes flat and splits into two rings with a gap between them. The type of planet that is formed depends on the place where it is formed. According to physical laws, only young planets can cool down. Therefore, the Earth, which is no longer a young planet, does not cool down

Gravitational Contraction of a Dust Cloud in Space

Abstract Demonstrated here is the previously unaccounted for tendency in the dynamics of the process of gravitational contraction of the dust cloud in space. The article concludes that the mass tends to consolidate on the periphery of the contraction cloud. The reason for an accelerated expansion of the Universe is explained

Aerosols in the tropical and subtropical UT/LS: in-situ measurements of submicron particle abundance and volatility

Processes occurring in the tropical upper troposphere (UT), the Tropical Transition Layer (TTL), and the lower stratosphere (LS) are of importance for the global climate, for stratospheric dynamics and air chemistry, and for their influence on the global distribution of water vapour, trace gases and aerosols. In this contribution we present aerosol and trace gas (in-situ) measurements from the tropical UT/LS over Southern Brazil, Northern Australia, and West Africa. The instruments were operated on board of the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 "Geophysica" and the DLR Falcon-20 during the campaigns TROCCINOX (Araçatuba, Brazil, February 2005), SCOUT-O3 (Darwin, Australia, December 2005), and SCOUT-AMMA (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, August 2006). The data cover submicron particle number densities and volatility from the COndensation PArticle counting System (COPAS), as well as relevant trace gases like N2O, ozone, and CO. We use these trace gas measurements to place the aerosol data into a broader atmospheric context. Also a juxtaposition of the submicron particle data with previous measurements over Costa Rica and other tropical locations between 1999 and 2007 (NASA DC-8 and NASA WB-57F) is provided. The submicron particle number densities, as a function of altitude, were found to be remarkably constant in the tropical UT/LS altitude band for the two decades after 1987. Thus, a parameterisation suitable for models can be extracted from these measurements. Compared to the average levels in the period between 1987 and 2007 a slight increase of particle abundances was found for 2005/2006 at altitudes with potential temperatures, theta, above 430 K. The origins of this increase are unknown except for increases measured during SCOUT-AMMA. Here the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano in the Caribbean caused elevated particle mixing ratios. The vertical profiles from Northern hemispheric mid-latitudes between 1999 and 2006 also are compact enough to derive a parameterisation. The tropical profiles all show a broad maximum of particle mixing ratios (between theta ~ 340 K and 390 K) which extends from below the TTL to above the thermal tropopause. Thus these particles are a "reservoir" for vertical transport into the stratosphere. The ratio of non-volatile particle number density to total particle number density was also measured by COPAS. The vertical profiles of this ratio have a maximum of 50% above 370 K over Australia and West Africa and a pronounced minimum directly below. Without detailed chemical composition measurements a reason for the increase of non-volatile particle fractions cannot yet be given. However, half of the particles from the tropical "reservoir" contain compounds other than sulphuric acid and water. Correlations of the measured aerosol mixing ratios with N2O and ozone exhibit compact relationships for the tropical data from SCOUT-AMMA, TROCCINOX, and SCOUT-O3. Correlations with CO are more scattered probably because of the connection to different pollution source regions. We provide additional data from the long distance transfer flights to the campaign sites in Brazil, Australia, and West-Africa. These were executed during a time window of 17 months within a period of relative volcanic quiescence. Thus the data represent a "snapshot picture" documenting the status of a significant part of the global UT/LS fine aerosol at low concentration levels 15 years after the last major (i.e., the 1991 Mount Pinatubo) eruption. The corresponding latitudinal distributions of the measured particle number densities are presented in this paper to provide data of the UT/LS background aerosol for modelling purposes