Listado de especies espinosas de Solanum L. (Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

Solanum is one of the largest flowering-angiosperm genera with 1500 species approximately. Five clados are recognized in Solanum, Leptostemonum is the largest group with 350-450 species distributed in the Old and Neotropic world. In the Neotropic 200 species are recognized. This study is an initial base for posterior studies of taxonomic and evolution diversity of Leptostemonum. The checklist of the names presented here is the result of the study of herbaria COL, COAH, FMB, HUA, JAUM, UPTC, INPA and MG collections and the revision of data bases as International Plant Name Index, Solanaceae Source, The New York virtual Herbarium and Tropicos. There were found 54 valid and effective-published names, 12 of these names associated to 14 synonyms in Colombia.Solanum es uno de los géneros mas grandes de angiospermas con flores con cerca de 1500 especies. En Solanum se reconocen cinco clados, siendo Leptostemonum el mas grande, con 350-450 especies, distribuidas en el Viejo mundo y en el Neotrópico. Para el Neotrópico se reconocen cerca de 200 especies. El trabajo que se presenta aquí es un punto de partida para abordar posteriormente estudios sobre la diversidad taxonómica y evolutiva de Leptostemonum. El listado de nombres obtenido es el resultado del estudio de las colecciones depositados en los herbarios de COL, COAH, FMB, HUA, INPA, JAUM, UPTC y MG, y la consulta de bases de datos, International plant name index, Solanaceae source, The New York Virtual Herbarium y Tropicos. Se encontraron 54 nombres válidamente y efectivamente publicados, 12 de esos nombres asociados a 14 sinónimos

Ferroionic inversion of spin polarization in a spin-memristor

Magnetoelectric coupling in artificial multiferroic interfaces can be drastically affected by the switching of oxygen vacancies and by the inversion of the ferroelectric polarization. Disentangling both effects is of major importance toward exploiting these effects in practical spintronic or spinorbitronic devices. We report on the independent control of ferroelectric and oxygen vacancy switching in multiferroic tunnel junctions with a La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_3 bottom electrode, a BaTiO_3 ferroelectric barrier, and a Ni top electrode. We show that the concurrence of interface oxidation and ferroelectric switching allows for the controlled inversion of the interface spin polarization. Moreover, we show the possibility of a spin-memristor where the controlled oxidation of the interface allows for a continuum of memresistance states in the tunneling magnetoresistance. These results signal interesting new avenues toward neuromorphic devices where, as in practical neurons, the electronic response is controlled by electrochemical degrees of freedom

Disposable sensors in diagnostics, food and environmental monitoring

Disposable sensors are low‐cost and easy‐to‐use sensing devices intended for short‐term or rapid single‐point measurements. The growing demand for fast, accessible, and reliable information in a vastly connected world makes disposable sensors increasingly important. The areas of application for such devices are numerous, ranging from pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, forensic, and food sciences to wearables and clinical diagnostics, especially in resource‐limited settings. The capabilities of disposable sensors can extend beyond measuring traditional physical quantities (for example, temperature or pressure); they can provide critical chemical and biological information (chemo‐ and biosensors) that can be digitized and made available to users and centralized/decentralized facilities for data storage, remotely. These features could pave the way for new classes of low‐cost systems for health, food, and environmental monitoring that can democratize sensing across the globe. Here, a brief insight into the materials and basics of sensors (methods of transduction, molecular recognition, and amplification) is provided followed by a comprehensive and critical overview of the disposable sensors currently used for medical diagnostics, food, and environmental analysis. Finally, views on how the field of disposable sensing devices will continue its evolution are discussed, including the future trends, challenges, and opportunities

Comparative genomics of the tardigrades <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i> and <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i>

Tardigrada, a phylum of meiofaunal organisms, have been at the center of discussions of the evolution of Metazoa, the biology of survival in extreme environments, and the role of horizontal gene transfer in animal evolution. Tardigrada are placed as sisters to Arthropoda and Onychophora (velvet worms) in the superphylum Panarthropoda by morphological analyses, but many molecular phylogenies fail to recover this relationship. This tension between molecular and morphological understanding may be very revealing of the mode and patterns of evolution of major groups. Limnoterrestrial tardigrades display extreme cryptobiotic abilities, including anhydrobiosis and cryobiosis, as do bdelloid rotifers, nematodes, and other animals of the water film. These extremophile behaviors challenge understanding of normal, aqueous physiology: how does a multicellular organism avoid lethal cellular collapse in the absence of liquid water? Meiofaunal species have been reported to have elevated levels of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, but how important this is in evolution, and particularly in the evolution of extremophile physiology, is unclear. To address these questions, we resequenced and reassembled the genome of H. dujardini, a limnoterrestrial tardigrade that can undergo anhydrobiosis only after extensive pre-exposure to drying conditions, and compared it to the genome of R. varieornatus, a related species with tolerance to rapid desiccation. The 2 species had contrasting gene expression responses to anhydrobiosis, with major transcriptional change in H. dujardini but limited regulation in R. varieornatus. We identified few horizontally transferred genes, but some of these were shown to be involved in entry into anhydrobiosis. Whole-genome molecular phylogenies supported a Tardigrada+Nematoda relationship over Tardigrada+Arthropoda, but rare genomic changes tended to support Tardigrada+Arthropoda

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Listado de especies espinosas de <em>Solanum<em> L. (Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

Solanum is one of the largest flowering-angiosperm genera with 1500 species approximately. Five clados are recognized in Solanum, Leptostemonum is the largest group with 350-450 species distributed in the Old and Neotropic world. In the Neotropic 200 species are recognized. This study is an initial base for posterior studies of taxonomic and evolution diversity of Leptostemonum. The checklist of the names presented here is the result of the study of herbaria COL, COAH, FMB, HUA, JAUM, UPTC, INPA and MG collections and the revision of data bases as International Plant Name Index, Solanaceae Source, The New York virtual Herbarium and Tropicos. There were found 54 valid and effective-published names, 12 of these names associated to 14 synonyms in Colombia

Listado de especies espinosas de <em>Solanum<em> L. (Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

Solanum es uno de los géneros mas grandes de angiospermas con flores con cerca de 1500 especies. En Solanum se reconocen cinco clados, siendo Leptostemonum el mas grande, con 350-450 especies, distribuidas en el Viejo mundo y en el Neotrópico. Para el Neotrópico se reconocen cerca de 200 especies. El trabajo que se presenta aquí es un punto de partida para abordar posteriormente estudios sobre la diversidad taxonómica y evolutiva de Leptostemonum. El listado de nombres obtenido es el resultado del estudio de las colecciones depositados en los herbarios de COL, COAH, FMB, HUA, INPA, JAUM, UPTC y MG, y la consulta de bases de datos, International plant name index, Solanaceae source, The New York Virtual Herbarium y Tropicos. Se encontraron 54 nombres válidamente y efectivamente publicados, 12 de esos nombres asociados a 14 sinónimos.Artículo revisado por pare