27 research outputs found

    Pension reforms in countries with developed and transitional economies

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    The subject matter of the research is as follows: pension reforms conducted by some states define the transformation of pension systems. The choice of countries is stipulated by the fact that each of them has different types of pension systems and preconditions for reforms. The purpose is to develop an approach that allows comparing and evaluating changes in disparate systems. The hypothesis is that the ongoing pension reforms, regardless of initial conditions and their type lead to a similar trajectory of pension systems development in all countries. The methodology rests on the comparative analysis that was carried out on the basis of a single algorithm that allows to determine significant modifiable parameters and the overall direction of reform. The novelty is that the authors research the ongoing pension reform from the viewpoint of pension rights formation and distribution of risks. The results are a single trajectory of reforms implementation for the studied countries, which confirms the authors' hypothesis. The specific features of the Russian pension system do not affect the reform trajectory, which is similar to all countries. The conclusions are the following: the reducing pressure on pension system requires increasing revenues and limiting the number of potential participants. This is achieved by expanding sources of financing, increasing the dependence of pension on an employee's contributions, transferring the risks of old age into the individual level, and employment motivation during the retirement period. The principle of the intergenerational solidarity loses its value. The obtained results can be used for the pension reform modification in the Russian Federation, the development of voluntary pension insurance based on the experience of other countries and risks faced by the modern Russian pension system

    ЭкономичСскиС санкции ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² России ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈΡ… послСдствий

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    Π’ 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ страны ЕвропСйского союза, Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π¨Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ АмСрики ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ государства Π²Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ экономичСскиС санкции ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² России, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ дивСрсификации Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… связСй ΠΈ измСнСнию ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ с Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ (стратСгия Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π½Π° Восток»). НСоднозначныС Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ соврСмСнных исслСдований, посвящСнных эффСктивности санкций ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… послСдствий, обосновали Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ рассмотрСния Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вопросов Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ антироссийских экономичСских санкций. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ макроэкономичСскиС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ развития ΠΈ финансовой доступности. Π”Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС основываСтся Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… графичСского, ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ коррСляционного Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Анализ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… внСшнСго сСктора ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ экономичСскиС санкции Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ повлияли Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡŽ со странами-ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ прямыС иностранныС инвСстиции. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя, Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Восток» Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€ Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ объСмС. Для прСодолСния Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ влияния санкций ΠΈ усилСния экономичСского роста дивСрсификация связСй Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, сосрСдоточСнными Π½Π° Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых тСхнологиях ΠΈ доступности финансовых услуг. Анализ взаимосвязи ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ нСравСнством Π² Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… выявил, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния экономичСского роста цифровая трансформация ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ принСсти большС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·Ρ‹ странам с ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ нСравСнством, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Россию, Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈ странам, Π³Π΄Π΅ нСравСнство Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² мСньшСй стСпСни. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ цифровая ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… послСдствий санкций Π² России. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ повСдСния России ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ страны, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ санкций, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ являСтся ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… исслСдований.Starting from 2014 the European Union countries, the United States of America and some other states imposed economic sanctions against Russia, resulting in diversification of trade ties away from western partners (β€œpivot to the East” strategy). The mixed findings of recent sanctions literature related to their effectiveness and measures to overcome the negative consequences, has necessitated the examination of these issues for the case of anti-Russian economic sanctions. We use various macroeconomic data along with indicators of digital development and financial inclusion. The methodology comprises a combination of graphical, comparative, and correlation analysis. The analysis of external sector data shows that economic sanctions had substantial negative impact on trade and foreign direct investment with main senders. At the same time, the β€œpivot to the East” after 2014 has not been implemented yet as much as expected. To overcome negative impact of sanctions and to promote economic growth, the current diversification of ties should be accompanied by other measures, centred on digital development, digital financial technologies, and financial inclusion. We assess linkages between digital development and wealth inequality and we found that in most countries with moderate wealth inequality, including Russia, the digital transformation could bring more benefits in terms of economic growth, than in countries with lower wealth inequality. The overall study allowed us to examine digital policy implications to overcome the negative effects of sanctions in Russia. The obtained results will contribute to addressing the problem of optimisation of Russia’s behaviour as a target country that is the subject of future research.ИсслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° РЀЀИ ΠΈ АкадСмии общСствСнных Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊ ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ β„– 19–51–93009 «Ворговая ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° России ΠΈ ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ Π² условиях трансформации ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ систСмы».The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the research project No. 19–51–93009 β€œThe trade policy of Russia and China in the context of the transformation of the international trading system”

    Is the tetraneutron a bound dineutron-dineutron molecule?

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    In light of a new experiment which claims a positive identification, we discuss the possible existence of the tetraneutron. We explore a novel model based on a dineutron-dineutron molecule. We show that this model is not able to explain the tetraneutron as a bound state, in agreement with other theoretical models already discussed in the literature.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, J. Phys. G, in pres

    The detection of neutron clusters

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    A new approach to the production and detection of bound neutron clusters is presented. The technique is based on the breakup of beams of very neutron-rich nuclei and the subsequent detection of the recoiling proton in a liquid scintillator. The method has been tested in the breakup of 11Li, 14Be and 15B beams by a C target. Some 6 events were observed that exhibit the characteristics of a multineutron cluster liberated in the breakup of 14Be, most probably in the channel 10Be+4n. The various backgrounds that may mimic such a signal are discussed in detail.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, LPCC 01-1

    Prophylaxis of Ischemic Damage to the Ovaries, Taking Into Account Peculiarities of Blood Supply to the Uterus During Endovascular Treatment of Le Yo Fibroids

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    SUMMARY Uterine arteries embolization (UAE) is one of the modern trends in the treatment of uterine bleeding caused by uterine leiomyomas (UL). However, unfavourable results of this method of treatment are observed in 10–15% of cases. This is primarily concerned with the emerging ischemia of ovarian tissue after embolization.Material and methods Complex examination and treatment was performed in 48 patients admitted with UL complicated by the development of uterine bleeding. Patients with UL were divided into two groups. In the Group I of patients (n=29) standard embolization was performed, while the patients of the Group II (n=19) with diagnosed interarterial utero-ovarian anastomosis underwent separating technique of UA occlusion using different types of emboli.Results and discussion The features of the uterine blood supply in patients with UL were analyzed from the perspective of the effecacy and safety of endovascular intervention. A methodology of staged EUA was developed, which involved the staged aortography of the infrarenal aorta (for visualization of the ovarian arteries); pelvic arteriography (for evaluating the vascular anatomy of the pelvis and identifying utero-ovarian intearterial anastomoses); selective arteriography followed by UAE first with cylindrical emboli, and then with standard emboli in the form of microspheres. The application of the developed technique did not show dysfunction of the ovaries in both the short and long-term follow-up period up to 18 months in the Group II.Conclusion The separating UA occlusion is a safe and effective way of preventing ischemic damage in the presence of signoficant utero-ovarian inter-arterial nastomoses

    Анализ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ

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    With the emergence of the digital wave, the problem of regional imbalance in the development of China's digital economy remains serious. The purpose of this research is to scientifically construct a system of indicators of China's digital economy development level and to dissect the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of China's digital economy development. The hypothesis is that the larger the comprehensive index of digital economy development level, the higher the level of digital economy development, the larger the Gini coefficient, the more obvious the difference in digital economy development level. The innovation is the construction of an evaluation index system for digital economy development level, the measurement of China's digital economy development level, and the analysis of the differences between the three regions. The theoretical significance is that it enriches the evaluation index system of China's digital economy development level and provides theoretical support. The practical significance is that it promotes the realization of high-quality economic and social development in China. The results of the research show that overall, the level of China's digital economy development is steadily increasing, but the phenomenon of inter-regional differences is evident, while the degree of variation is gradually decreasing. In terms of the driving factors, the level of economic development, industrial structure, intellectual property protection and technological development all contribute significantly to the development of the level of the digital economy, while government intervention inhibits the development of the digital economy.Π‘ появлСниСм Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ трансформации ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дисбаланса Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ становится Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ЦСлью исслСдования являСтся тСорСтичСскоС обоснованиС систСмы ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· пространствСнно-Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ. Π“ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ большС комплСксный ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики; Π²ΠΎ-Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ большС коэффициСнт Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° Π² ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики. Π˜Π½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ исслСдования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² построСнии систСмы ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… индСксов уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ трСмя Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ВСорСтичСская Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ исслСдованиС ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π°Π΅Ρ‚ систСму ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ обСспСчиваСт Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ понимания ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это способствуСт Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ сбалансированного экономичСского ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ развития Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ растСт, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ вариативности Π² различиях постСпСнно сниТаСтся. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ касаСтся Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ экономичСского развития, структура ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ собствСнности ΠΈ тСхнологичСскоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ вносят Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ уровня Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ государства сдСрТиваСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики.Π‘ появлСниСм Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ трансформации ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дисбаланса Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ становится Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ЦСлью исслСдования являСтся тСорСтичСскоС обоснованиС систСмы ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· пространствСнно-Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ. Π“ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ большС комплСксный ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики; Π²ΠΎ-Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ большС коэффициСнт Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° Π² ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики. Π˜Π½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ исслСдования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² построСнии систСмы ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… индСксов уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ трСмя Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ВСорСтичСская Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ исслСдованиС ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π°Π΅Ρ‚ систСму ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ уровня развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ ΠΈ обСспСчиваСт Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ понимания ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это способствуСт Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ сбалансированного экономичСского ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ развития Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ развития Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ растСт, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ вариативности Π² различиях постСпСнно сниТаСтся. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ касаСтся Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ экономичСского развития, структура ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ собствСнности ΠΈ тСхнологичСскоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ вносят Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ уровня Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ государства сдСрТиваСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экономики.The reported study Β«Improvement of Insurance Coverage of the Population under Biological ThreatΒ» was funded by Saint Petersburg State UniversityΒ» Pure ID: 92423693.ИсслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° Β«ΠžΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ страховой Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ насСлСния Π² условиях биологичСской ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹Β» (Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ‚-ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ государствСнный унивСрситСт, Pure ID: 92423693)

    Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions: Assessment by Means of a Systematic Literature Review

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    Π’ 2014 Π³. страны ЕвропСйского союза, БША ΠΈ ряд Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… государств Π²Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ экономичСскиС санкции ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² России. Для противодСйствия санкциям Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ условия ΠΈΡ… эффСктивности. ЦСль Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исслСдования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² установлСнии Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экономичСских санкций, Π½Π° основании Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ санкций ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ инструмСнта трансформации ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стран. Использована мСтодология систСматичСского ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π° Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, которая, Π² соотвСтствии с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ исслСдования, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ этапы: 1) ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° поиска ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ словам Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Web of Science, Scopus, РИНЦ, SSRN, EBSCO, Ideas RePec, Google Scholar, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ… Cambridge University Press, Routledge, De Gruyter JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Francis, 2) ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° основании Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, язык, Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, содСрТаниС ΠΈ контСкст, 3) синтСз ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΈ, 4) Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ исслСдования. Для прСдставлСния Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ графичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… исслСдований позволяСт ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ экономичСскиС санкции Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ эффСктивны Π² достиТСнии своих Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… условиях: 1) санкционныС ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ для страны-мишСни Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ для страны-ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС Π·Π° счСт возникновСния нСравСнства Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, 2) санкции носят краткосрочный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, 3) санкции многосторонниС ΠΈ вводятся ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ эгидой ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… институтов, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… соглашСний, 4) санкции Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² дСмократичСских Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ санкции (смарт-санкции), ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ санкций, Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ комплСксныС санкции. Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ связаны с Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ экономичСскими санкциями (Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго, России) ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… санкций для ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стран ΠΈ отраслСй экономики.In 2014, the United States, the European Union (EU) countries and some other states have imposed economic sanctions against Russia. The overcoming of sanctions requires an understanding of their effectiveness. Thus, we aimed to identify factors of the effectiveness of economic sanctions by reviewing the literature that considers sanctions as a tool for transforming the current national policies. The applied methodology of the systematic literature review (SLR) includes the following stages: 1) determining a basic sample of publications based on a keyword search in Web of Science, Scopus, Russian Science Citation Index, SSRN, EBSCO, Ideas/RePec, Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press, Routledge, De Gruyter JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Francis; 2) identifying a representative sample based on the authors' criteria (type of publication, language, character, content and context); 3) synthesising the representative sample; 4) reporting the research results. A method of comparative and graphical analysis was used to present the findings. The analysis of relevant literature allowed us to conclude that economic sanctions are more effective if 1) sanction costs for a target country are higher than for a sender, including those occurring as a result of regional inequality; 2) sanctions are designed as a short-term measure; 3) sanctions are multilateral and imposed by international institutes, including through regional trade agreements; 4) sanctions are targeted at democratic regimes. Moreover, the most preferred type of sanction - targeted (smart) sanctions - are less effective in achieving their goals than traditional comprehensive ones. Further review studies may focus on targeted economic sanctions (first and foremost in Russia) and include publications, analysing case studies of individual countries and industries.ИсслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ финансовой ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ РЀЀИ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° β„– 19–110–50376 Β«ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° эффСктивности экономичСских санкций: возмоТности систСматичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Β».The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the research project No. 19-110-50376 β€œEffectiveness of economic sanctions: assessment by means of a systematic literature review”

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поврСТдСния яичников с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ особСнностСй кровоснабТСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ эндоваскулярном Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ‹

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    SUMMARY Uterine arteries embolization (UAE) is one of the modern trends in the treatment of uterine bleeding caused by uterine leiomyomas (UL). However, unfavourable results of this method of treatment are observed in 10–15% of cases. This is primarily concerned with the emerging ischemia of ovarian tissue after embolization.Material and methods Complex examination and treatment was performed in 48 patients admitted with UL complicated by the development of uterine bleeding. Patients with UL were divided into two groups. In the Group I of patients (n=29) standard embolization was performed, while the patients of the Group II (n=19) with diagnosed interarterial utero-ovarian anastomosis underwent separating technique of UA occlusion using different types of emboli.Results and discussion The features of the uterine blood supply in patients with UL were analyzed from the perspective of the effecacy and safety of endovascular intervention. A methodology of staged EUA was developed, which involved the staged aortography of the infrarenal aorta (for visualization of the ovarian arteries); pelvic arteriography (for evaluating the vascular anatomy of the pelvis and identifying utero-ovarian intearterial anastomoses); selective arteriography followed by UAE first with cylindrical emboli, and then with standard emboli in the form of microspheres. The application of the developed technique did not show dysfunction of the ovaries in both the short and long-term follow-up period up to 18 months in the Group II.Conclusion The separating UA occlusion is a safe and effective way of preventing ischemic damage in the presence of signoficant utero-ovarian inter-arterial nastomoses.РСзюмС Эмболизация ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ (ЭМА) являСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· соврСмСнных Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кровотСчСния, Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ (Π›Πœ). Однако Π½Π΅ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° лСчСния Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² 10–15% случаСв. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ это связано с Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ яичников послС ЭМА.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡŒΒ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ особСнности кровоснабТСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ эффСктивности ΠΈ бСзопасности Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ лСчСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кровотСчСния, Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π›Πœ, ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ использования Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ окклюзии ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ (МА) ΠΈ примСнСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² эмболов.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ КомплСксноС обслСдованиС ΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 48 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π›Πœ, ослоТнСнной Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кровотСчСния. ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ с Π›Πœ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹. Π’ I Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… (n=29) Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° стандартная ЭМА, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· II Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ (n=19) с диагностированными ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-яичниковыми анастомозами, Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ окклюзии МА с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² эмболов.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ особСнности кровоснабТСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π›Πœ с ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ эффСктивности ΠΈ бСзопасности выполнСния эндоваскулярного Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° провСдСния ЭМА, которая ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»Π° поэтапноС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Ρ€Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π°ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ (для Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ яичниковых Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ); Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ (для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ сосудистой Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π°Π·Π° ΠΈ выявлСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-яичниковых ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… анастомозов); сСлСктивной Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ЭМА сначала цилиндричСскими эмболами, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ стандартными эмболами Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ микросфСр. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ яичников ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² блиТайшСм, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… наблюдСний Π΄ΠΎ 18 мСсяцСв Π½ΠΈ Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· II Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ окклюзии МА являСтся бСзопасным ΠΈ эффСктивным способом ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поврСТдСния яичников ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-яичниковых ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… анастомозов
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