27 research outputs found
Pension reforms in countries with developed and transitional economies
The subject matter of the research is as follows: pension reforms conducted by some states define the transformation of pension systems. The choice of countries is stipulated by the fact that each of them has different types of pension systems and preconditions for reforms. The purpose is to develop an approach that allows comparing and evaluating changes in disparate systems. The hypothesis is that the ongoing pension reforms, regardless of initial conditions and their type lead to a similar trajectory of pension systems development in all countries. The methodology rests on the comparative analysis that was carried out on the basis of a single algorithm that allows to determine significant modifiable parameters and the overall direction of reform. The novelty is that the authors research the ongoing pension reform from the viewpoint of pension rights formation and distribution of risks. The results are a single trajectory of reforms implementation for the studied countries, which confirms the authors' hypothesis. The specific features of the Russian pension system do not affect the reform trajectory, which is similar to all countries. The conclusions are the following: the reducing pressure on pension system requires increasing revenues and limiting the number of potential participants. This is achieved by expanding sources of financing, increasing the dependence of pension on an employee's contributions, transferring the risks of old age into the individual level, and employment motivation during the retirement period. The principle of the intergenerational solidarity loses its value. The obtained results can be used for the pension reform modification in the Russian Federation, the development of voluntary pension insurance based on the experience of other countries and risks faced by the modern Russian pension system
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ
Π 2014 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π°, Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ»). ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ» Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Starting from 2014 the European Union countries, the United States of America and some other states imposed economic sanctions against Russia, resulting in diversification of trade ties away from western partners (βpivot to the Eastβ strategy). The mixed findings of recent sanctions literature related to their effectiveness and measures to overcome the negative consequences, has necessitated the examination of these issues for the case of anti-Russian economic sanctions. We use various macroeconomic data along with indicators of digital development and financial inclusion. The methodology comprises a combination of graphical, comparative, and correlation analysis. The analysis of external sector data shows that economic sanctions had substantial negative impact on trade and foreign direct investment with main senders. At the same time, the βpivot to the Eastβ after 2014 has not been implemented yet as much as expected. To overcome negative impact of sanctions and to promote economic growth, the current diversification of ties should be accompanied by other measures, centred on digital development, digital financial technologies, and financial inclusion. We assess linkages between digital development and wealth inequality and we found that in most countries with moderate wealth inequality, including Russia, the digital transformation could bring more benefits in terms of economic growth, than in countries with lower wealth inequality. The overall study allowed us to examine digital policy implications to overcome the negative effects of sanctions in Russia. The obtained results will contribute to addressing the problem of optimisation of Russiaβs behaviour as a target country that is the subject of future research.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π Π€Π€Π ΠΈ ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ β 19β51β93009 Β«Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ».The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the research project No. 19β51β93009 βThe trade policy of Russia and China in the context of the transformation of the international trading systemβ
Is the tetraneutron a bound dineutron-dineutron molecule?
In light of a new experiment which claims a positive identification, we
discuss the possible existence of the tetraneutron. We explore a novel model
based on a dineutron-dineutron molecule. We show that this model is not able to
explain the tetraneutron as a bound state, in agreement with other theoretical
models already discussed in the literature.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, J. Phys. G, in pres
The detection of neutron clusters
A new approach to the production and detection of bound neutron clusters is
presented. The technique is based on the breakup of beams of very neutron-rich
nuclei and the subsequent detection of the recoiling proton in a liquid
scintillator. The method has been tested in the breakup of 11Li, 14Be and 15B
beams by a C target. Some 6 events were observed that exhibit the
characteristics of a multineutron cluster liberated in the breakup of 14Be,
most probably in the channel 10Be+4n. The various backgrounds that may mimic
such a signal are discussed in detail.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, LPCC 01-1
Prophylaxis of Ischemic Damage to the Ovaries, Taking Into Account Peculiarities of Blood Supply to the Uterus During Endovascular Treatment of Le Yo Fibroids
SUMMARY Uterine arteries embolization (UAE) is one of the modern trends in the treatment of uterine bleeding caused by uterine leiomyomas (UL). However, unfavourable results of this method of treatment are observed in 10β15% of cases. This is primarily concerned with the emerging ischemia of ovarian tissue after embolization.Material and methods Complex examination and treatment was performed in 48 patients admitted with UL complicated by the development of uterine bleeding. Patients with UL were divided into two groups. In the Group I of patients (n=29) standard embolization was performed, while the patients of the Group II (n=19) with diagnosed interarterial utero-ovarian anastomosis underwent separating technique of UA occlusion using different types of emboli.Results and discussion The features of the uterine blood supply in patients with UL were analyzed from the perspective of the effecacy and safety of endovascular intervention. A methodology of staged EUA was developed, which involved the staged aortography of the infrarenal aorta (for visualization of the ovarian arteries); pelvic arteriography (for evaluating the vascular anatomy of the pelvis and identifying utero-ovarian intearterial anastomoses); selective arteriography followed by UAE first with cylindrical emboli, and then with standard emboli in the form of microspheres. The application of the developed technique did not show dysfunction of the ovaries in both the short and long-term follow-up period up to 18 months in the Group II.Conclusion The separating UA occlusion is a safe and effective way of preventing ischemic damage in the presence of signoficant utero-ovarian inter-arterial nastomoses
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
With the emergence of the digital wave, the problem of regional imbalance in the development of China's digital economy remains serious. The purpose of this research is to scientifically construct a system of indicators of China's digital economy development level and to dissect the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of China's digital economy development. The hypothesis is that the larger the comprehensive index of digital economy development level, the higher the level of digital economy development, the larger the Gini coefficient, the more obvious the difference in digital economy development level. The innovation is the construction of an evaluation index system for digital economy development level, the measurement of China's digital economy development level, and the analysis of the differences between the three regions. The theoretical significance is that it enriches the evaluation index system of China's digital economy development level and provides theoretical support. The practical significance is that it promotes the realization of high-quality economic and social development in China. The results of the research show that overall, the level of China's digital economy development is steadily increasing, but the phenomenon of inter-regional differences is evident, while the degree of variation is gradually decreasing. In terms of the driving factors, the level of economic development, industrial structure, intellectual property protection and technological development all contribute significantly to the development of the level of the digital economy, while government intervention inhibits the development of the digital economy.Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ; Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ; Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.The reported study Β«Improvement of Insurance Coverage of the Population under Biological ThreatΒ» was funded by Saint Petersburg State UniversityΒ» Pure ID: 92423693.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Β«ΠΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΒ» (Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Pure ID: 92423693)
Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions: Assessment by Means of a Systematic Literature Review
Π 2014 Π³. ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π°, Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² Π²Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ: 1) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Web of Science, Scopus, Π ΠΠΠ¦, SSRN, EBSCO, Ideas RePec, Google Scholar, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
Cambridge University Press, Routledge, De Gruyter JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Francis, 2) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, 3) ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, 4) ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
: 1) ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, 2) ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, 3) ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, 4) ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ), ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ) ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.In 2014, the United States, the European Union (EU) countries and some other states have imposed economic sanctions against Russia. The overcoming of sanctions requires an understanding of their effectiveness. Thus, we aimed to identify factors of the effectiveness of economic sanctions by reviewing the literature that considers sanctions as a tool for transforming the current national policies. The applied methodology of the systematic literature review (SLR) includes the following stages: 1) determining a basic sample of publications based on a keyword search in Web of Science, Scopus, Russian Science Citation Index, SSRN, EBSCO, Ideas/RePec, Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press, Routledge, De Gruyter JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Francis; 2) identifying a representative sample based on the authors' criteria (type of publication, language, character, content and context); 3) synthesising the representative sample; 4) reporting the research results. A method of comparative and graphical analysis was used to present the findings. The analysis of relevant literature allowed us to conclude that economic sanctions are more effective if 1) sanction costs for a target country are higher than for a sender, including those occurring as a result of regional inequality; 2) sanctions are designed as a short-term measure; 3) sanctions are multilateral and imposed by international institutes, including through regional trade agreements; 4) sanctions are targeted at democratic regimes. Moreover, the most preferred type of sanction - targeted (smart) sanctions - are less effective in achieving their goals than traditional comprehensive ones. Further review studies may focus on targeted economic sanctions (first and foremost in Russia) and include publications, analysing case studies of individual countries and industries.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π Π€Π€Π Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° β 19β110β50376 Β«ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ: Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Β».The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the research project No. 19-110-50376 βEffectiveness of economic sanctions: assessment by means of a systematic literature reviewβ
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ
SUMMARY Uterine arteries embolization (UAE) is one of the modern trends in the treatment of uterine bleeding caused by uterine leiomyomas (UL). However, unfavourable results of this method of treatment are observed in 10β15% of cases. This is primarily concerned with the emerging ischemia of ovarian tissue after embolization.Material and methods Complex examination and treatment was performed in 48 patients admitted with UL complicated by the development of uterine bleeding. Patients with UL were divided into two groups. In the Group I of patients (n=29) standard embolization was performed, while the patients of the Group II (n=19) with diagnosed interarterial utero-ovarian anastomosis underwent separating technique of UA occlusion using different types of emboli.Results and discussion The features of the uterine blood supply in patients with UL were analyzed from the perspective of the effecacy and safety of endovascular intervention. A methodology of staged EUA was developed, which involved the staged aortography of the infrarenal aorta (for visualization of the ovarian arteries); pelvic arteriography (for evaluating the vascular anatomy of the pelvis and identifying utero-ovarian intearterial anastomoses); selective arteriography followed by UAE first with cylindrical emboli, and then with standard emboli in the form of microspheres. The application of the developed technique did not show dysfunction of the ovaries in both the short and long-term follow-up period up to 18 months in the Group II.Conclusion The separating UA occlusion is a safe and effective way of preventing ischemic damage in the presence of signoficant utero-ovarian inter-arterial nastomoses.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠΠ) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² 10β15% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π². ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠΠ.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΒ ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ, ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ².ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 48 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. Π I Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(n=29) Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· II Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ (n=19) Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π°ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ); ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²); ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΠ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ 18 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· II Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²