Brevetti e standard: economia dell'innovazione

The intersection between law and economics offers new opportunities of knowledge and different perspectives to approach the relationship between competition law and intellectual property law. In this context, this work aims to analyze the phenomenon of patent hold-up in the IT market under both economic and legal dimension and to propose a set of modular solutions consistent with the results of this mixed analysis. The research was carried out following a "pyramidal" approach: from the studying of the innovative phenomenon in the history of economics, the scope of investigation narrowed towards the structure of the IT market and the subjects operating therein, up to investigate the suitability of existing instruments - and, in particular, those of competition law \u2013 in order to remedy opportunistic patent exploitations (patent hold-up). Economic and legal framework showed that patent hold-up is a specific issue of the IT market and exploits its features; therefore, sector-specific solutions and economically oriented remedies have been suggested in the proposals (chapter 5 and conclusions). All the solutions offered here move from the assumption that any intervention to be effective, must also be the least invasive as possible and exploit the same physiological features of IT market, that gave rise to opportunistic behaviors. The implications of this work, and the solutions and remedies it offers, are suitable for being implemented in the new context of the Unified Patent Court, which could also be considered a first testing ground for a European common approach to the problem of patent hold-up

Brevetti e standard: economia dell'innovazione

The intersection between law and economics offers new opportunities of knowledge and different perspectives to approach the relationship between competition law and intellectual property law. In this context, this work aims to analyze the phenomenon of patent hold-up in the IT market under both economic and legal dimension and to propose a set of modular solutions consistent with the results of this mixed analysis. The research was carried out following a "pyramidal" approach: from the studying of the innovative phenomenon in the history of economics, the scope of investigation narrowed towards the structure of the IT market and the subjects operating therein, up to investigate the suitability of existing instruments - and, in particular, those of competition law – in order to remedy opportunistic patent exploitations (patent hold-up). Economic and legal framework showed that patent hold-up is a specific issue of the IT market and exploits its features; therefore, sector-specific solutions and economically oriented remedies have been suggested in the proposals (chapter 5 and conclusions). All the solutions offered here move from the assumption that any intervention to be effective, must also be the least invasive as possible and exploit the same physiological features of IT market, that gave rise to opportunistic behaviors. The implications of this work, and the solutions and remedies it offers, are suitable for being implemented in the new context of the Unified Patent Court, which could also be considered a first testing ground for a European common approach to the problem of patent hold-up

The association between insight and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: Undirected and Bayesian network analyses

Background. Greater levels of insight may be linked with depressive symptoms among patients with schizophrenia, however, it would be useful to characterize this association at symptom-level, in order to inform research on interventions. Methods. Data on depressive symptoms (Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia) and insight (G12 item from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were obtained from 921 community-dwelling, clinically-stable individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, recruited in a nationwide multicenter study. Network analysis was used to explore the most relevant connections between insight and depressive symptoms, including potential confounders in the model (neurocognitive and social-cognitive functioning, positive, negative and disorganization symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms, hostility, internalized stigma, and perceived discrimination). Bayesian network analysis was used to estimate a directed acyclic graph (DAG) while investigating the most likely direction of the putative causal association between insight and depression. Results. After adjusting for confounders, better levels of insight were associated with greater self-depreciation, pathological guilt, morning depression and suicidal ideation. No difference in global network structure was detected for socioeconomic status, service engagement or illness severity. The DAG confirmed the presence of an association between greater insight and self-depreciation, suggesting the more probable causal direction was from insight to depressive symptoms. Conclusions. In schizophrenia, better levels of insight may cause self-depreciation and, possibly, other depressive symptoms. Person-centered and narrative psychotherapeutic approaches may be particularly fit to improve patient insight without dampening self-esteem

Tutela cautelare antitrust e prospettive europee: il contributo del giudice ordinario (2009 e 2010)

Tutela cautelare antitrust e prospettive europee: il contributo del giudice ordinario (2009 e 2010

La responsabilit\ue0 civile dell\u2019internet service provider per violazioni del diritto d\u2019autore

La responsabilit\ue0 civile dell\u2019internet service provider per violazioni del diritto d\u2019autor

[The management of long-term treatment of patient with schizophrenia: results of a survey carried out in Italy]

: The management plan of patients with schizophrenia includes a multidimensional and integrated approach, consisting of pharmacological, psychological and psychosocial interventions. Among pharmacological approaches, the development of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) has radically changed the treatment plan of patients with schizophrenia. LAI can be successfully used in patients with multiple episodes, with partial or poor adherence to treatments and are very useful also in first episode patients. LAIs have been proven to be effective and with a good safety and tolerability profile, but they are still used in a few cases in the clinical routine practice. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate attitudes and preferences of psychiatrists in the Italian routine care towards LAI and to identify the communication skills adopted in the routine care for the prescription of LAI. The final sample consists of 274 clinicians, recruited by phone call (n=257) and online (n=17). The main findings are: the psychoeducational approach is essential for improving patients' adherence to pharmacological treatments and their personal and social functioning; the involvement of family members is essential for improving adherence to treatments; LAIs are frequently used due to their efficacy and good tolerability profile, compared to first generation depot antipsychotics. Based on our findings, the ideal patient to be switched to LAI treatment is represented by a person with poor adherence to treatments, at the onset of the disorder, or with a poor tolerability to side effects

Supplementary Figure legends from Mesothelin Secretion by Pancreatic Cancer Cells Co-opts Macrophages and Promotes Metastasis

Supplementary Figure legends</p

Supplementary Tables from Mesothelin Secretion by Pancreatic Cancer Cells Co-opts Macrophages and Promotes Metastasis

Supplementary Tables</p