The Impact of Visfatin Level Against Blood Pressure Among Pregnant Women

Visfatin, a protein with a molecular weight of 52 kDa, has been demonstrated to increase in the bloodstream. Visfatin has been shown in several studies to be a potential marker of preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to describe visfatin levels in pregnant women in Gianyar, Bali. An observational design was employed in this study to describe visfatin levels in 41 pregnant women in Ubud, Gianyar regency, Bali. Visfatin levels were determined by examining EDTA blood samples using the Elisa method and reading them at 450 nm on a microplate reader. The average value of visfatin levels was 6.49 ng/ml, according to the results. The average visfatin level based on hypertension blood pressure respondents was 3.74 ng/ml. This result was lower than that of normal blood pressure respondents.  This study's decrease in visfatin levels may have a smaller effect on physiological insulin resistance. The average visfatin level in second trimester respondents was 7.9 ng/ml higher than 5.7 ng/ml in third trimester respondents. The increase in visfatin levels suggests that visfatin may play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Visfatin has the potential to be used as a biomarker to detect preeclampsia earlier, allowing pregnant women with preeclampsia to receive appropriate treatment

The Value of Caspase-3 after the Application of Annona muricata

Annona muricata, commonly known as soursop, contains annonacin, acetogenin, and polyphenol which are known to have chemopreventive effects on cancer. In this study, we tend to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing effect of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf extract on the colorectal cancer cell line COLO-205 through the activities of caspase-3 which is a marker of cell apoptosis. Cell cultures were incubated with soursop leaf with a concentration of 10 μg/ml and then compared with those of the incubated positive control leucovorin 10 μg/ml and placebo as a negative control. The apoptotic activity of caspase-3 was measured with ELISA. After the administration of each treatment in the colorectal cancer cell line COLO-205, the expression of caspase-3 activity was 1422 ng/ml after incubation with the extract of Annona muricata leaves, 1373 ng/ml after the administration of leucovorin, and 1297 ng/ml in the one with placebo. Annona muricata leaf extract elevated caspase-3 by 1.09 times compared to that of the pure cell line. Annona muricata leaf extract had a higher value of caspase-3 activity than leucovorin and placebo in the COLO-205 colorectal cancer cell line. These results may suggest that Annona muricata leaf extract had anticancer properties by enhancing caspase-3 activity which is a proapoptotic marker

HIV-1 Gag specific IgG response in mice immunized with Vp22-Gag vaccine candidate

Latar Belakang: Stimulasi respon sel T CD8+ spesifik Gag, terkait dengan penurunan viremia, kontrol replikasi virus, dan perkembangan penyakit yang lambat. Respon T CD8+ yang efektif juga dipengaruhi oleh sel T CD4+. Protein rekombinan Gag dapat diklona dan diekpresikan pada sistem prokariota, dan pada saat diimunisasi pada hewan coba atau manusia akan bersifat sebagai antigen eksogen. Antigen eksogen dapat menjadi antigen endogen dengan menambahkan protein yang mempunyai kemampuan bertranslokasi kedalam membran sel, salah satunya protein Vp22.Metode: Transformasi Plasmid rekombinan didapatkan dari Pusat Penelitian dan Layanan Virologi Kanker Patobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia-Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (PPLVKP FK UI-RSCM), yang dilakukan transformasi pada sistem ekpresi prokariota dengan metode heat shock, yang dilanjutkan dengan ekpresi protein rekombinan. Purifikasi protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan kromatografi afinitas. Analisa berat molekul protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan SDS-PAGE. Western blotting dilakukan untuk mengaetahui reaktifitas protein rekombinan dengan antibodi poliklonal terhadap antigen p24. Transfeksi sel CHO dan imunisasi mencit DDY dengan protein rekombinan, untuk mengetahui kemampuan migrasi intraseluler serta stimulasi respon imun spesifik.Hasil: Uji western blotting, menunjukkan protein rekombinan dapat berinteraksi dengan antibodi poliklonal terhadap antigen p24. Pengamatan mikroskop konfokal menunjukkan protein rekombinan berlokalisasi dengan endosom. Uji ELISA, menunjukkan respon IgG spesifik Gag setelah imunisasi pada mencit DDY. Kesimpulan: Protein rekombinan dapat diekspresikan pada sistem ekspresi prokariota. Kemampuan migrasi intrasseluler protein rekombinan pada sel CHO belum dapat dibuktikan. Protein rekombinan dapat menstimulasi respon IgG spesifik Gag. Kata Kunci: Protein rekombinan Gag dan Vp22-Gag; Migrasi intraseluler, Respon IgG spesifik Gag.   Abstract Background: Stimulation of Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response, associated with reduction in viremia, viral replication control, and slow disease progression. Effective CD8+ T cell response is also influenced by CD4+ T cells. Gag recombinant protein may be cloned and expressed in the prokaryotic system and when they are immunized in experimental animals or human will have property as exogenous antigens. Exogenous antigens may become endogenous antigens by adding proteins that have the ability to translocate into the cell membrane, one of which is the Vp22 protein. Methods: Recombinant plasmids were obtained from Research and Services Centers of Virology and Cancer Patobiology Medical Faculity Universitas Indonesia-dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital (PPLVKP FK UI-RSCM) which transformation to prokaryotic expression system with heat shock method was followed by expression of recombinant proteins. Purification of recombinant proteins was performed with affinity chromatography. The molecular weight analysis of recombinant proteins was performed with SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was performed to determine the reactivity of recombinant proteins with polyclonal antibodies against p24 antigens. Transfection of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell and immunization of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice with recombinant proteins was conducted to determine intracellular migration ability and stimulation of specific immune response. Results: Western blotting test, indicating recombinant protein may interact with polyclonal antibody against p24 antigens. The observation of a confocal microscope showed recombinant proteins localized with endosomes. The Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test indicates Gag-specific IgG response after immunization in DDY mice.Conclusion: Recombinant proteins may be expressed on a prokaryotic expression system. The ability of recombinant protein intracellular migration in CHO cell has not been proven. Recombinant proteins may stimulate Gag-specific IgG response. Keywords: Gag and Vp22-Gag recombinant proteins; intracellular migration, Gag-specific IgG response.    

Vaccines against Coronavirus Disease: Target Proteins, Immune Responses, and Status of Ongoing Clinical Trials

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 26 million individuals and caused 871,166 deaths globally. Various countries are racing against time to find a vaccine for controlling the rapid transmission of infection. The selection of antigen targets to trigger an immune response is crucial for vaccine development strategies. The receptor binding domain of the subunit of spike 1 protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate because of its ability to prevent attachment and infection of host cells by stimulating neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine is expected to mount a sufficient immunogenic response to eliminate the virus and store antigenic information in memory cells for long-term protection. Here, we review the ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the immune responses in patients administered an adequate dosage to prevent COVID-19

Penyuluhan Kesehatan serta Pemeriksaan Kadar Hemoglobin dan Protein Urin pada Remaja Putri

Adolescence is an age stage that comes after childhood ends which is characterized by rapid growth with an age range of 10-19 years. Teenage girls are generally more prone to anemia than teenage boys. This community service activity aims to provide education to teenage girls about anemia and laboratory tests such as Hb levels and urine protein as an effort to provide health services to teenage girls at SMPN 1 Ubud, Gianyar. The method of implementing this activity includes counseling about anemia, checking Hb levels, and urine protein examination, as well as pre-test and post-test to determine the level of knowledge of teenage girls about anemia. From the results of the examination of 34 respondents, it was found that 29.4% had anemia and none of the respondents had proteinuria. As many as 94% of respondents have a good level of knowledge about anemia. There needs to be a role from family, school, and government to improve the health status of teenage girls such as giving blood tablets regularly to avoid anemia

The Value of Caspase-3 after the Application of Annona muricata Leaf Extract in COLO-205 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line

Annona muricata, commonly known as soursop, contains annonacin, acetogenin, and polyphenol which are known to have chemopreventive effects on cancer. In this study, we tend to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing effect of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf extract on the colorectal cancer cell line COLO-205 through the activities of caspase-3 which is a marker of cell apoptosis. Cell cultures were incubated with soursop leaf with a concentration of 10 μg/ml and then compared with those of the incubated positive control leucovorin 10 μg/ml and placebo as a negative control. The apoptotic activity of caspase-3 was measured with ELISA. After the administration of each treatment in the colorectal cancer cell line COLO-205, the expression of caspase-3 activity was 1422 ng/ml after incubation with the extract of Annona muricata leaves, 1373 ng/ml after the administration of leucovorin, and 1297 ng/ml in the one with placebo. Annona muricata leaf extract elevated caspase-3 by 1.09 times compared to that of the pure cell line. Annona muricata leaf extract had a higher value of caspase-3 activity than leucovorin and placebo in the COLO-205 colorectal cancer cell line. These results may suggest that Annona muricata leaf extract had anticancer properties by enhancing caspase-3 activity which is a proapoptotic marker

Daya Hambat Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan Daun Legundi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the causes of infectious disease, ranging from mild to severe infections such as meningitis. The drug that is often used is the penicillin class of antibiotics. Apart from chemical antibiotics, natural antibacterial compunds from plants can be also used as an alternative treatment for this infection. Such as green betel (Piper betle L.) and legundi (Vitex trifolia L.). The ethanol extract of betel leaf has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemical content in legundi leaf is also able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanol extract of betel leaf and legundi is made through a maceration process. The extract concentrations used in this study were 20%, 30%, and 40%. The inhibition test of Staphylococcus aureus using the disc method. From the results of this study, the active substances found in betel leaf were flavonoids, tannins, and phenols, while in legundi were found flavonoids, tannins and phenols, and quinones. In total, the mean inhibition zone in this study ranged from 7.87mm to 17.33mm where legundi leaf extract was in the moderate category, betel and combination extract were classified as strong. There was a difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone of betel and legundi extract at a concentration 20% with 40%. In the combination extract there is a difference in the concentration of 20% with 40% and 30% with 40%. An antimicrobial compound can be said to synergize if a mixture of two or more antimicrobial compounds is able to provide an effect of each compounds. In this study, it has seen that the mean of the combination is higher than the mean of legundi leaf extract. Meanwhile, the mean of betel leaf extract is still greater than the combination extract

Gambaran Kadar Glukosa dan Total Kolesterol pada Wanita Hamil di Kabupaten Bangli, Bali: An Overview of Glucose Levels and Total Cholesterol Levels among Pregnant Women in Bangli District, Bali

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a state of glucose intolerance that was first detected during pregnancy. GDM is increasing worldwide, it is estimated that 15% to 22% of all pregnancies are affected by GDM. GDM can be associated with many consequences, such as fetal macrosomia, preeclampsia, and high caesarean rates. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of glucose and total cholesterol levels in pregnant women in Bangli Regency, Bali. Methods: This research method is descriptive by checking glucose and total cholesterol levels using the enzymatic-colorimetric method. The subjects in this study were 33 pregnant women, with sampling method using the probability sampling method, with a simple random sampling technique. Results: The result of this study is, glucose levels in all samples were in the normal category, while for total cholesterol levels 48,48% were in the normal category and 42,42% were in the abnormal category. Conclusion: Normal glucose levels can be caused by several factors such as the age of the respondent under 40 years, gestational age at term, and the hormones that regulate blood glucose in the body functioning properly. An increase in cholesterol levels can be caused by an increase in sexsteroid hormones, as well as changes in liver and adipose tissue metabolism. An increase in total cholesterol levels in pregnant women needs to be watched out for because it can be on of the markers of the incidence of GDM.   ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Diabetes melitus gestasional (DMG) merupakan keadaan intoleransi glukosa yang pertama kali terdeteksi selama kehamilan. DMG meningkat di seluruh dunia, diperkirakan 15% sampai 22% dari semua kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh DMG. DMG dapat dikaitkan dengan banyak konsekuensi, seperti makrosomia janin, preeklampsia, dan tingkat operasi caesar yang tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar glukosa sewaktu dan kolesterol total pada ibu hamil di Kabupaten Bangli, Bali. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan memeriksa kadar glukosa sewaktu dan kolesterol total menggunakan metode enzimatik kolorimetri. Subyek pada penelitain 33 ibu hamil, dengan cara penarikan sampel dengan mengunakan metode probality sampling, dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian ini, diperoleh kadar glukosa sewaktu seluruh sampel berada pada kategori normal sedangkan untuk kadar kolesterol total sebanyak 48,48% berada pada kategori normal dan 42,42% pada kategori abnormal. Kesimpulan: Kadar glukosa yang normal dapat disebabkan oleh usia repsonden di bawah 40 tahun, usia kehamilan yang cukup bulan, dan hormon pengatur glukosa yang berfungsi dengan baik. Peningkatan kadar kolesterol total dapat disebabkan oleh peningkatan hormon steroid seks, perubahan metabolisme hati dan jaringan adipose. Peningkatan kadar kolesterol total pada ibu hamil perlu diwaspadai karena dapat menjadi salah satu penanda kejadian DMG

Overview of Visfatin Levels in Pregnant Women as a Stunting Biomarker

Stunting is one of the malnutrition problems experienced by toddlers in the world. Indonesia is the third country in the prevalence of stunting in the Southeast Asian region. Visfatin is one of the molecules that play a role in fetal development during the womb. Reports related to visfatin in pregnant women are still very few, and mention visfatin plays a role in the incidence of preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aims to determine the level of visfatin in pregnant women as a biomarker of stunting in Bangli Regency, Bali Province. This research is a descriptive study, with an observational design. Blood samples were taken from the median cubital vein. Samples were examined by ELISA method. In the examination of vistafin levels in 30 pregnant women, the lowest level being 0.53 ng/ml and the highest level being 56.72 ng/ml. From the results obtained and compared with previous studies, the visfatin levels obtained were lower than the visfatin levels in normal pregnant women. Many studies have shown that increased levels of visfatin in maternal plasma are associated with low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Babies born with LBW have a risk of stunting