SEMANTICS ANALYSIS ON SPEECH ACT USED IN BEMO (KUPANG’S PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION)

This study presents a semantics analysis on speech act used in bemo (Kupang’s public transportation). The aim of this study are to find out the types and functions of speech act used in bemo. To obtain the data, the writer did observation and took picture to find the speech act used in Kupang’s public transportation. Then the data are analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The result showed that there are three types and six functions of speech act used in bemo. The types of speech act are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. The example of expression is: santai tapi enak (relax but pleasant). The locutionary act of this expression is used to tell somebody’s feeling in his or her life. The illocutionary act is this expression is used to ask people to enjoy their life. The perlocutionary act of this expression is used to ask people to agree with this expression and enjoy their life too. There are six functions of speech act used in Kupang’s public transportation (bemo), they are representatives, declaratives, commisives, directives, expressives and rogatives functions. One example for the function of speech act used in bemo is nona b cinta lu kuat – kuat (Girl I love you so much). This expression is functioned as a representative speech act because it is used to represent the fact of a man’s feeling to his girlfriend and it is showed the true feeling of a man. Another example is Mantan pacar di larang numpang (Ex girlfriend is prohibited to get into the bemo). The expression is directive because it’s functioned as a warning. The example of commissives is berani komen jantung stop (Dare to comment, heart stop beating). This speech act is used to make a threat against somebody. Based on the result, the writer concluded that there are three types and six functions of speech act used in Bemo (Kupang’s public transportation)

GLOBALIZING LEARNERS’ LOCAL LANGUAGES FROM LOCAL CONTEXTS: AN OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGE PLANNING AT THE ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM OF ARTHA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY KUPANG

In the development of local language studies and current issues beyond, much attention of the literacy weights on the language status. Despite of the implications and effects, less attention rests on languages planning at the education unit. This study presents a comprehensive overview of local language (s) planning on the plane of the developing programs by the English Education Program of Artha Wacana Christian University Kupang, West Timor. The current study utilized participant observation and documentation as of data collection approaches. The use of the approaches permits deeper understanding of the target community. The findings indicates that language planning at this education unit promotes a number of concrete programs, such as building local partnerships, realizing national acts through curriculum development, and accessing global access seek for the revitalization of the local languages. More practically, learners with different backgrounds have a wide range of opportunity and tools to document their local languages. All these practices nurture to learners with awareness, motivation, and confidence that their local languages survivedon their academic and non-academic tasks and roles. Several recommendations and implications lies on the study

Assessing the clinical value of fast onset and sustained duration of action of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD

Date of Aceptance: 12/02/2015 Acknowledgments The authors were assisted in the preparation of the manuscript by Sarah Filcek, a professional medical writer at CircleScience (Tytherington, UK), part of KnowledgePoint360, an Ashfield Company. This assistance was funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Review)

Background The long-acting bronchodilator tiotropium and single inhaler combination therapy of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta(2)-agonists are both commonly used for maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Combining these treatments, which have different mechanisms of action, may be more effective than the individual components. However, the benefits and risks of using tiotropium and combination therapy together for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are unclear. Objectives To assess the relative effects of inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist combination therapy in addition to tiotropium compared to tiotropium or combination therapy alone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials (July 2010) and reference lists of articles. Selection criteria We included parallel, randomised controlled trials of three months or longer, comparing inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonists combination therapy in addition to inhaled tiotropium against tiotropium alone or combination therapy alone. Data collection and analysis We independently assessed trials for inclusion and then extracted data on trial quality and outcome results. We contacted study authors for additional information. We collected information on adverse effects from the trials. Main results Three trials (1021 patients) were included comparing tiotropium in addition to inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist combination therapy to tiotropium alone. The duration, type of combination treatment and definition of outcomes varied. The limited data led to wide confidence intervals and there was no significant statistical difference in mortality, participants with one or more hospitalisations, episodes of pneumonia or adverse events. The results on exacerbations were heterogeneous and were not combined. The mean health-related quality of life and lung function were significantly different when combination therapy was added to tiotropium, although the size of the average benefits of additional combination therapy were small, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (MD -2.49; 95% CI -4.04 to -0.94) and forced expiratory volume in one second (MD 0.06 L; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.08).One trial (60 patients) compared tiotropium plus combination therapy to combination therapy alone. The results from the trial were insufficient to draw firm conclusions for this comparison. Authors' conclusions To date there is uncertainty regarding the long-term benefits and risks of treatment with tiotropium in addition to inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist combination therapy on mortality, hospitalisation, exacerbations of COPD and pneumonia. The addition of combination treatment to tiotropium has shown improvements in average health-related quality of life and lung function

The lung function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol via Respimat® is superior to that of twice-daily salmeterol and fluticasone propionate via Accuhaler® (ENERGITO® study)

Background: Tiotropium + olodaterol has demonstrated improvements beyond lung function benefits in a large Phase III clinical program as a once-daily maintenance treatment for COPD and may be a potential option for the initiation of maintenance treatment in COPD. Despite guideline recommendations that combined long-acting beta(2)-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids should only be used in individuals at high risk of exacerbation, there is substantial use in individuals at lower risk. This raises the question of the comparative effectiveness of this combination as maintenance treatment in this group compared to other combination regimens. Objective: The study aimed to assess the effect on lung function of once-daily tiotropium + olodaterol versus twice-daily salmeterol + fluticasone propionate in all participants with Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2 or 3 (moderate to severe) COPD. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, four-treatment, complete crossover study in which participants received once-daily tiotropium + olodaterol (5/5 mu g and 2.5/5 mu g) via Respimat (R) and twice-daily salmeterol + fluticasone propionate (50/500 mu g and 50/250 mu g) via Accuhaler (R) for 6 weeks. The primary end point was change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) area under the curve from 0 hour to 12 hours (AUC(0-12)) relative to the baseline after 6 weeks. Results: Tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 mu g and 2.5/5 mu g demonstrated statistically significant improvements in FEV1 AUC(0-12) compared to salmeterol + fluticasone propionate (improvements from baseline were 317 mL and 295 mL with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 mu g and 2.5/5 mu g, and 188 mL and 192 mL with salmeterol + fluticasone propionate 50/500 mu g and 50/250 mu g, respectively). Tiotropium + olodaterol was superior to salmeterol + fluticasone propionate in lung function secondary end points, including FEV1 area under the curve from 0 hour to 24 hours (AUC(0-24)). Conclusion: Once-daily tiotropium + olodaterol in participants with moderate-to-severe COPD provided superior lung function improvements to twice-daily salmeterol + fluticasone propionate. Dual bronchodilation can be considered to optimize lung function in individuals requiring maintenance treatment for COPD

Long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonists in the management of COPD: focus on indacaterol

Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment to improve airflow, symptoms, exercise tolerance, and exacerbations. There is convincing evidence that regular treatment with long-acting bronchodilators is more effective and convenient than treatment with short-acting bronchodilators. Long-acting β-2-agonists include the twice-daily drugs formoterol and salmeterol and, more recently, once-daily indacaterol. Studies with head-to-head comparisons of long-acting bronchodilators are scant, but novel data from controlled trials with the once-daily β(2)-agonist indacaterol indicate superior bronchodilation and clinical efficacy of indacaterol at recommended doses over twice-daily long-acting β(2)-agonists, and at least equipotent bronchodilation compared with once-daily tiotropium. The recent therapeutic developments in COPD underscore a shift from short-acting bronchodilators with multiple dosings per day to reduced dosing frequency and prolonged duration of action, including once-daily treatment, with more consistent effects on various clinical outcomes. This review summarizes relevant clinical data for twice-daily β-2-agonists in COPD, and further focuses on novel data for once-daily indacaterol, including head-to-head comparison trials

The 24-h lung-function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: This study investigated the effects on 24-h lung function and lung volume of a once-daily fixed-dose combination (FDC) of the long-acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium and the long-acting beta(2)-agonist olodaterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III trial with an incomplete crossover design. Patients received four of the following six treatment options for 6 weeks each: placebo, olodaterol 5 mu g, tiotropium 2.5 mu g, tiotropium 5 mu g, tiotropium + olodaterol FDC 2.5/5 mu g and tiotropium + olodaterol FDC 5/5 mu g, all delivered via the Respimat (R) inhaler. The primary end point was forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) response after 6 weeks of treatment; key secondary end points were FEV1 AUC from 0 to 12 h and AUC from 12 to 24 h, and further end points included lung-volume parameters measured using body plethysmography (subset of patients), measures of peak and trough FEV1, and incidence of adverse events. Results: A significant improvement in FEV1 AUC(0-24) response was observed with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 mu g and 2.5/5 mu g versus placebo and monotherapies after 6 weeks of treatment; mean response with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 mu g versus placebo was 0.280 L (p < 0.0001). Differences to monotherapies with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 mu g were 0.115 L versus olodaterol 5 mu g, 0.127 L versus tiotropium 2.5 mu g and 0.110 L versus tiotropium 5 mu g (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Secondary end points supported these data. No safety concerns were identified. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated improvements in lung function over 24 h with an FDC of tiotropium + olodaterol over tiotropium or olodaterol alone, with no observed difference in tolerability. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01559116

Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Pada Perancangan Buku Wisata Desa Keditan, Kabupaten Magelang

Desa Keditan merupakan salah satu desa yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Magelang. Desa Keditan adalah salah satu desa yang dikembangkan oleh pemerintah setempat menjadi sebuah desa wisata yang memiliki berbagai potensi daya tarik. Potensi daya tarik tersebut diantaranya yaitu daya tarik alam berupa pemandangan alam, hamparan pohon pinus dan perkebunan masyarakat lokal. Untuk potensi daya tarik budayanya ada tari-tarian dan pagelaran upacara adat, serta daya tarik buatan yaitu pengembangan sebuah kampung pinus yang banyak memiliki ragam aktivitas didalamnya. Dari berbagai potensi tersebut, penulis tertarik membuat sebuah buku yang berisikan berbagai informasi daya tarik yang ada di Desa Keditan. Dalam proses desain, rancangan ini menggunakan Canva sebagai aplikasi desain untuk membuat buku supaya terlihat lebih menarik.Keditan Village is one of the villages located in Magelang Regency. Keditan Village is one of the villages developed by the local government to become a tourist village that has various potential attractions. These potential attractions include natural attractions in the form of natural scenery, expanses of pine trees and local community plantations. For the potential for cultural attraction, there are traditional dances and ceremonial performances, as well as an artificial attraction, namely the development of a pine village which has many various activities in it. From these various potentials, the author is interested in making a book that contains various information on the attractions in Keditan Village. In the design process, this design uses Canva as a design application to make the book look more attractive