Motywy ekspansji zagranicznej polskich przedsiębiorstw ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ryzyka politycznego

The need for facing up the competitors and the wish to build the competitive advantage on the market contribute to enterprises’ expansion abroad. The decision concerning geographical expansion may be caused by making advantage of chances which appear on foreign markets. Nevertheless, it can also happen that adverse conditions of the enterprise’s external environment make the presence in the host country difficult or even impossible. This situation can appear when the political risk occurs in the country of expansion. The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of the enterprises’ motives of expansion on foreign markets with particular emphasis on the nature and specificity of political risk. In order to illustrate this important problem, the author made a synthetic analysis of the business environment in Ukraine and Russia during the conflict in the East of Europe. In the paper two types of research methods were used: methods of data collection and methods of organising and processing information

The determinants and development of crowdfunding in the Central and Eastern Europe countries

Motivation: Crowdfunding (CF) is a method of raising money for projects and enterprises by online platforms. Since 2003 it is expanding and becoming a natural method of pre-financing for start-ups before reaching out to investors. The estimations gave the picture of fundraising worldwide at the level of 35 bln USD via CF platforms in 2015. Nevertheless, this method does not progress equally worldwide and it is essential to find what results in the difference in CF development among the countries.Aim: The aim of the article is to examine the relation between: (1) the welfare of countries, (2) structure of population and (3) availability of crowdfunding. The paper examines the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for the period 2005–2015.Results: There is no direct correlation between GDP per capita of a country with it online per capita investments. The richness of a country does not influence people willingness to invest through online methods. In the countries of average level of welfare, alternative financing sources are used more widely. Moreover, there is a significant impact of the age structure of the population on crowdfunding development. Estonia has the youngest structure of population. Although there are not many inhabitants and the GDP per capita is average, the country has the most willing online crowd investors

The determinants and development of crowdfunding in the Central and Eastern Europe countries

Motivation: Crowdfunding (CF) is a method of raising money for projects and enterprises by online platforms. Since 2003 it is expanding and becoming a natural method of pre-financing for start-ups before reaching out to investors. The estimations gave the picture of fundraising worldwide at the level of 35 bln USD via CF platforms in 2015. Nevertheless, this method does not progress equally worldwide and it is essential to find what results in the difference in CF development among the countries.Aim: The aim of the article is to examine the relation between: (1) the welfare of countries, (2) structure of population and (3) availability of crowdfunding. The paper examines the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for the period 2005–2015.Results: There is no direct correlation between GDP per capita of a country with it online per capita investments. The richness of a country does not influence people willingness to invest through online methods. In the countries of average level of welfare, alternative financing sources are used more widely. Moreover, there is a significant impact of the age structure of the population on crowdfunding development. Estonia has the youngest structure of population. Although there are not many inhabitants and the GDP per capita is average, the country has the most willing online crowd investors.</p

What are the real motivations and experiences of silver entrepreneurs? Empirical evidence from Poland

PURPOSE: Along with demographic changes, it is increasingly frequent that many mature people resign from their full-time jobs and decide to start their own businesses at a later age. Entrepreneurial activity among this group of so-called silver entrepreneurs can be caused by many motives, but these factors usually remain unknown to current employers or do not constitute a valid reason for understanding and keeping a mature person in the workplace. The purpose of this paper is to present new scientific results concerning entrepreneurial motivations, both internal and external, and the previous experiences of silver entrepreneurs from Eastern Europe based on an example from Poland. METHODOLOGY: We analyzed a unique sample of 1,003 owners of micro and small enterprises from Poland. The sample included only people over fifty. Our empirical study used a survey to explore the motivations and experiences of silver entrepreneurs that influenced their decision to start a business later in life. We linked attitude toward the behavior with motivation and utilized the “pull” and “push” factors. We utilized logistic regression to determine the factors related to starting a business above fifty. We also used the ordinary least square regression to determine the relationship between the explanatory variables and the age of starting a business by the respondents. FINDINGS: We found that the main “pull” factor positively influencing the start of business activity by silver entrepreneurs is the fulfillment of dreams as a broadly understood need for self-realization. However, the “push” factors (such as the occurrence of ageism in the workplace, as well as the loss of employment and lack of other opportunities on the labor market) significantly reduced the probability of starting a company at the age of over fifty. On the basis of the positive impact of a “pull” factor, it can be concluded that entrepreneurial activity at a later age is the result of opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Due to the negative impact of the job-loss factor, people made redundant started their business activity at an earlier age, before the age of fifty. Regarding external entrepreneurial motivations, the support received from family is the most important factor related to the individual’s environment affecting starting a business by silver entrepreneurs. However, the support from friends and the support from government bodies were not significant factors influencing starting a business at a later age.IMPLICATIONS: Findings from our study have implications for both employers and groups who support entrepreneurship. First, from the point of view of employers, the occurrence of ageism in the previous workplace could have resulted in resignation from full-time employment at an earlier age and a faster start of business activity. It is surprising that negative behavior towards older employees may also be associated with resignation from work by younger people. From the point of view of government bodies and other stakeholder groups related to the development of entrepreneurship, it is interesting that the support received from government bodies in conducting business activities was statistically insignificant for each group of respondents. This suggests the need to identify effective support and to design a comprehensive strategy for the development of silver entrepreneurship. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The vast majority of previous studies used secondary data or focused mainly on Western Europe, in particular the United Kingdom, Finland, and France. Our contribution is to provide empirical evidence about the silver entrepreneurs from Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Our research included individuals who actually run their own businesses, opposite to previous studies that take into account people who are just considering starting a business. This is particularly important in relation to research on the entrepreneurial intentions of mature people to undertake entrepreneurial activities at a later age, and the real motivations of silver entrepreneurs

Inkluzja: wybrane aspekty w teorii i praktyce pedagogicznej

Z wprowadzenia: "Jedną z istotnych cech współczesnego świata jest postępująca różnorodność. Zjawiskiem typowym – szczególnie dla dzisiejszej zglobalizowanej cywilizacji zachodniej – jest obecność w przestrzeni społecznej i współistnienie (przenikanie się) różnych trendów kulturowych, religijnych oraz – związany z nimi – wyraźnie zaznaczający się pluralizm w zakresie manifestowanych opcji światopoglądowych i wyznawanych systemów wartości. Społeczeństwo współczesne jest bardzo zróżnicowane pod wieloma względami. Ludzie różnią się od siebie poziomem wykształcenia, sytuacją zawodową i statusem materialnym, indywidualną filozofią życia, której pochodną są aspiracje, plany na przyszłość i preferowane sposoby spędzania czasu wolnego. Potrzeby społeczne – choć te same na poziomie elementarnym – również ewoluują w kierunku rosnącym, ponieważ rozbudzane są przez ogarniające nas ze wszystkich stron mass media, promujące z jednej strony kulturę konsumpcjonizmu, a z drugiej – szeroko rozumianego indywidualizmu w zakresie wybierania różnych dróg samorealizacji."(...)Publikacja wydana w ramach projektu realizowanego przez Krakowską Akademię im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego pt. Nauczyciel 5.0 nowoczesny program kształcenia nauczycieli na jednolitych studiach magisterskich w dziedzinie pedagogiki przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój 2014–2020, współfinansowanego ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego, instytucja pośrednicząca: Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju, nr umowy: POWR.03.01.00-00-KN42/18-00

CHANGES OF CONSUMPTION DIRECTIONS WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON FOOD CONSUMPTION

Within last 30 years, in the modern societies, especially those more wealthy ones, relatively deep transformation took place in respect of purchasers' preferences and expectations as well as the values presented by them. These changes also apply to foodstuffs. Food products belong to the ones bought regularly and they take and important position in the structure of household expenditures. The article concentrates on the presentation of changes taking place in the European societies in respect of consumption, with particular stress on the foodstuffs. An attempt was also made to show the specificity of food producers' activities being the response to the current changes

Motives of enterprises’ expansion abroad during the global financial and economic crisis

The need for facing up the competitors and the wish to build the competitive advantage on the market contribute to enterprises’ expansion on foreign markets. Motives lying behind the enterprise management decision when starting expansion abroad vary and they depend on an individual market situation of the enterprise. They can also evolve in time. The decision about enterprise expansion may be dictated by the will to make advantage of chances which appear on the market. Nevertheless, it also happens that adverse conditions of the enterprise external environment force its internationalization. Motives of foreign expansion can be classified in many ways. This article describes four main groups of motives: market, costs-related, supplies and strategic ones. The second part of this paper analyses changes in enterprises’ motives of expansion during the global financial and economic crisis