Methodological report: international social survey programme ; ISSP 1989

In diesem methodologischen Forschungsbericht wird über das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) berichtet. Insbesondere geht es um die Anlage der Erhebung 1989 zum Themenbereich 'Einstellungen zu Arbeit und Freizeit'. Die Themenkreise werden zunächst kurz vorgestellt: Allgemeine Einstellungen zu Arbeit und Freizeit, Einstellungen zur Arbeitsorganisation, Arbeitszufriedenheit, Gruppeninteressen und Nebentätigkeiten. Anschließend werden die Pretests und ihre Ergebnisse erörtert, bevor auf die Anlage der Hauptbefragung eingegangen wird: Auswahlverfahren, Schichtung der Stichprobe, Durchführung der Feldarbeit, Zusammensetzung des Interviewerstabes, Ausschöpfungsquote usw. Im Anhang zu dem Bericht ist der Fragebogen des ersten Pretests abgedruckt. (ICF

Arbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitwünsche von Frauen in West- und Ostdeutschland (Working hours and wishes regarding working hours among women in western and eastern Germany)

"In the debate regarding women in employment, the problem of combining work and family plays a central role. In the old federal states the option of taking up part-time work has developed into a more frequently 'chosen' solution to this problem for women with children. In this way part-time work has become the domain of women. As a consequence of the living and working conditions which have changed since 1989/1990, it seemed natural to expect a similar trend for the new federal states, too. In order to discover more about the working hours and wishes regarding working hours of women in eastern and western Germany in their socio-economic relationship - in particular against the background of current political debates concerning the flexibilisation and reduction of working hours - the subject of working hours was taken as a focal point in the survey of women carried out late 1995 by the IAB. The bivariate and multivariate analyses on which this article is based (again) reach the result that there are still more differences than similarities between the working and living situations of women in eastern and western Germany. The labour force participation and the extent of employment of eastern German women is still clearly higher than is the case for western German women. The difference would be even greater if the wishes of all women regarding employment could be put into action. The comparison between full- and part-time workers shows that in many respects the gap between these two groups is considerably greater in the west than in the east. In particular women in full-time employment show very different socio-demographic structures in the old and new federal states. As far as the potential of female workers who would be prepared to change to part-time work is concerned, this proves to be limited in both west and east. The deficit of qualified part-time jobs and/or part-time opportunities in sectors which at present offer little in the way of part-time work seems to be an important reason which has so far prevented these women from reducing their working hours. The main reason for women wishing to work part-time at all can be found in the well-known problem of the double burden of work and family for working women. From the point of view of the women therefore both sides - and in addition the state (childcare) institutions - are called to remedy this problem with measures which are tailored to the different situations and needs of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))erwerbstätige Frauen, Frauen, Arbeitszeit, Arbeitszeitwunsch, Teilzeitarbeit, Beruf und Familie, regionaler Vergleich, Erwerbsverhalten, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Arbeitslosigkeit in ostdeutschen Familien : der Einfluß des Familienkontexts auf das individuelle Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko

Grundlage der empirischen Analysen war eine Ende 1991 durchgeführte persönliche Befragung von 9695 repräsentativ ausgewählten ostdeutschen Frauen und Männern im Alter zwischen 15 und 60 Jahren. Kern der Untersuchung war, die Arbeitslosigkeit eines Individuums in Zusammenhang zu bringen mit dem Familienkontext, in den der einzelne eingebunden ist. Auf diese Weise sollte zum einen dargestellt werden, wie groß der Kreis der durch die Arbeitslosigkeit eines Individuums direkt Betroffenen ist und wie sich dieser zusammensetzt. Zum anderen sollte untersucht werden, welchen Einfluß das Vorhandensein von Kindern tatsächlich auf das Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko des einzelnen ausübt. Die überdurchschnittlich hohe Arbeitslosenquote bei den Alleinerziehenden und Alleinlebenden ließ bereits erkennen, daß man nicht generell von einem erhöhten Arbeitslosenrisiko von Familien mit Kindern im Unterschied zu Familien ohne Kinder sprechen kann. Dieser Befund wurde erhärtet durch die Ergebnisse der sich anschließenden Logit-Analyse, indem der zunächst festgestellte grundsätzliche Einfluß des Familienkontexts auf das Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko letztendlich nicht auf das Vorhandensein von Kindern, sondern auf das Fehlen eines Partners im Haushalt zurückgeführt werden konnte. (IAB2)Arbeitslosigkeit - Risiko, Kinderzahl, allein Stehende, Familienstruktur, allein Erziehende, Ostdeutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

2-(2-Pyridylamino)Pyridinium2-(2-Pyridylamino)pyridinium chloride phosphorous acid: one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded and [π]-[π] stacked supramolecular chains

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C10H10N3+&middot;Cl-&middot;[P(O)(OH)2H], the chloride ion and phosphorous acid form a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chain, while the 2-(2-pyridylamino)pyridinium cations form a second chain through [&pi;]-[&pi;] stacking. The two parallel chains are connected via a PO...H-N hydrogen bond and a weak pyridinium-to-chloride interaction.<br /

ISSP International Social Survey Programme: basic information on the ISSP data collection 1985-1994

Die ISSP ist eine freiwillige Gruppierung von Studienteams in 18 Nationen, die jährlich Umfragen zu sozialwissenschaftlichen Themen in ihrem Land durchführen. Seit 1985 existieren hierfür einheitliche Fragekomplexe, wobei sich die Themen jährlich ändern. Der Beitrag beschreibt zunächst die Fragekomplexe der Jahre 1985 bis 1994. Daran an schließt sich ein Überblick über die einzelnen Komplexe, bezogen auf die einzelnen Mitgliedsländer, das Jahr der Datengewinnung und den Sichprobenumfang. Weiterhin werden nationale sozialwissenschaftliche Erhebungen in den Mitgliedsländern aufgezählt. Es erfolgt anschließend ein Überblick über archivierte Datensammlungen und über Adressen der Mitgliedsorganisationen. (psz

Neue Dienstleistungen des ALLBUS: Haushalts- und Familientypologien, Klassenschema nach Goldthorpe

Als Erweiterung des Dienstleistungsangebotes wurden in die Datei des ALLBUS 1990 aufgenommen: Haushalts- und Familientypologien, Erweiterungen beim Einordnungsberuf sowie das Klassenschema nach Goldthorpe. Diese Indizes werden auch in der jeweils aktuellen kumulierten ALLBUS-Datei ergänzt. Der Artikel beschreibt die genannten Variablen und dokumentiert deren Verteilungen im ALLBUS. Die ALLBUS-Umfrage erfaßt jährlich sehr ausführliche Informationen zur Haushalts- und Familienzusammensetzung sowie zur Berufstätigkeit und beruflichen Stellung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. (psz

Follow-up for breast cancer - the patients' view

Background: International and national guidelines (S3 guideline) for the surveillance of post-treatment breast cancer patients recommend a clinical follow-up including routine history and physical examination and regular mammograms. The practice of a clinical follow-up has been often discussed, but has been proven not to be inferior when compared to an intensified follow-up in randomized trials. Patients and Methods: The present manuscript reports the patients' view on the basis of a survey including 2000 patients with a history of breast cancer. Results: A total of 452 patients (22.6%) answered the questionnaire. The median age was 62 years (range 23-85 years). More than 80% of the patients were disease-free at the time of the survey. The need for surveillance was affirmed by the majority of patients (>95%), and one third stated that there was a need for more technical efforts during follow-up. In contrast to the follow-up guidelines, the results of the present survey indicated that most of the regularly scheduled follow-up visits were expanded using extensive laboratory and imaging procedures. Conclusion: This survey shows that the majority of physicians obviously do not accept the present follow-up guidelines. A new surveillance study investigating the efficacy of an intensified surveillance based on the improved possibilities of modern diagnostics and endocrine, immunotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic and interventional treatment options is warranted

Orbitofrontal cortex mediates pain inhibition by monetary reward

Pleasurable stimuli, including reward, inhibit pain, but the level of the neuraxis at which they do so and the cerebral processes involved are unknown. Here, we characterized a brain circuitry mediating pain inhibition by reward. Twenty-four healthy participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing a wheel of fortune game with simultaneous thermal pain stimuli and monetary wins or losses. As expected, winning decreased pain perception compared to losing. Inter-individual differences in pain modulation by monetary wins relative to losses correlated with activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). When pain and reward occured simultaneously, mOFCs functional connectivity changed: the signal time course in the mOFC condition-dependent correlated negatively with the signal time courses in the rostral anterior insula, anterior-dorsal cingulate cortex and primary somatosensory cortex, which might signify momentto-moment down-regulation of these regions by the mOFC. Monetary wins and losses did not change the magnitude of pain-related activation, including in regions that code perceived pain intensity when nociceptive input varies and/or receive direct nociceptive input. Pain inhibition by reward appears to involve brain regions not typically involved in nociceptive intensity coding but likely mediate changes in the significance and/or value of pain

The Reality in the Surveillance of Breast Cancer Survivors—Results of a Patient Survey

Background: International guidelines for the surveillance of breast cancer patients recommend a minimized clinical follow-up including routine history and physical examination and regularly scheduled mammograms. However, the abandonment of scheduled follow-up examinations in breast cancer survivors remains a contradiction to established follow-up guidelines for other solid tumours.Patients and Methods: We report the patients’ view on the basis of a survey performed in two separate geographical areas in Germany. The questionnaires were sent out to 2.658 patients with a history of breast cancer.Results: A total of 801 patients (30.1%) responded to the questionnaire. The results of the survey can be summarized in two major categories: First, necessity for surveillance was affi rmed by a majority (>95%), and 47.8% of the organized patients answered that there was a need for more intensive diagnostic effort during follow-up. The main expectation from an intensified follow-up was the increased feeling of security as expressed by >80% of the women. Second, the present survey indicates that most of the regularly scheduled follow-up visits were expanded using extensive laboratory and imaging procedures exceeding the quantity of examinations recommended in the present follow-up guidelines.Conclusion: Despite the fact that only one third of the patients responded to the questionnaire, the survey indicates that a majority of physicians who treated these patients still do not accept the present follow-up guidelines. To some extent this may be explained by the observation that patients and possibly also their doctors trust that intensified follow-up increases diagnostic security and survival. Since considerable changes in the treatment options of breast cancer have been made during the last decades a new trial of investigations in follow-up is warranted

Spatial and Transport Development in European Corridors - Example Corridor: Orient/East-Med; Connecting and Competing in Spaces of European Importance

For four years, a group of experts from public administration, academia and practice has collaborated to highlight the important aspects of corridor development, to provide a first integrated assessment for the entire corridor system and to prepare a draft of an integrated strategy. Of course, this is just a beginning and should be followed up by additional initiatives to produce an organisational framework that will allow intensified collaboration on the corridors, which are so important for the cohesion of Europe. Moreover, we hope that our insights will also stimulate the development of the OEM Corridor and similar investigations into other European corridors. Due to the international nature of the project topic, the working group comprises prominent experts of spatial development and infrastructural engineering from both academia and from planning practice, and from various countries along the corridor