2,830 research outputs found
Local Molecular Dynamics with Coulombic Interaction
We propose a local, O(N) molecular dynamics algorithm for the simulation of
charged systems. The long ranged Coulomb potential is generated by a
propagating electric field that obeys modified Maxwell equations. On coupling
the electrodynamic equations to an external thermostat we show that the
algorithm produces an effective Coulomb potential between particles. On
annealing the electrodynamic degrees of freedom the field configuration
converges to a solution of the Poisson equation much like the electronic
degrees of freedom approach the ground state in ab-initio molecular dynamics.Comment: 4 pages with 3 figure
Temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer
The temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer is investigated by
analyzing 28 nights of data obtained with the Colorado State University LIDAR
experiment. The mean height power spectrum of the sodium layer was found to be
well fit by a power law over the observed range of frequencies, 10 microhertz
to 4 millhertz. The best fitting power law was found to be 10^\beta \nu^\alpha,
with \alpha = -1.79 +/- 0.02 and \beta = 1.12 +/- 0.40. Applications to
wavefront sensing require knowledge of the behavior of the sodium layer at kHz
frequencies. Direct measurements at these frequencies do not exist.
Extrapolation from low-frequency behavior to high frequencies suggests that
this variability may be a significant source of error for laser-guide-star
adaptive optics on large-aperture telescopes.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Optics Letter
Planar potential flow on Cartesian grids
Potential flow has many applications, including the modelling of unsteady
flows in aerodynamics. For these models to work efficiently, it is best to
avoid Biot-Savart interactions between the potential flow elements. This work
presents a grid-based solver for potential flows in two dimensions and its use
in a vortex model for simulations of separated aerodynamic flows. The solver
follows the vortex-in-cell approach and discretizes the
streamfunction-vorticity Poisson equation on a staggered Cartesian grid. The
lattice Green's function is used to efficiently solve the discrete Poisson
equation with unbounded boundary conditions. In this work, we use several key
tools that ensure the method works on arbitrary geometries, with and without
sharp edges. The immersed boundary projection method is used to account for
bodies in the flow and the resulting body forcing Lagrange multiplier is
identified as a discrete version of the bound vortex sheet strength. Sharp
edges are treated by decomposing the body-forcing Lagrange multiplier into a
singular and smooth part. To enforce the Kutta condition, the smooth part can
then be constrained to remove the singularity introduced by the sharp edge. The
resulting constraints and Kelvin's circulation theorem each add Lagrange
multipliers to the overall saddle point system. The accuracy of the solver is
demonstrated in several problems, including a flat plate shedding singular
vortex elements. The method shows excellent agreement with a Biot-Savart method
when comparing the vortex element positions and the force
On the spectroastrometric separation of binary point-source fluxes
Spectroastrometry is a technique which has the potential to resolve flux
distributions on scales of milliarcseconds. In this study, we examine the
application of spectroastrometry to binary point sources which are spatially
unresolved due to the observational point spread function convolution. The
technique uses measurements with sub-pixel accuracy of the position centroid of
high signal-to-noise long-slit spectrum observations. With the objects in the
binary contributing fractionally more or less at different wavelengths
(particularly across spectral lines), the variation of the position centroid
with wavelength provides some information on the spatial distribution of the
flux. We examine the width of the flux distribution in the spatial direction,
and present its relation to the ratio of the fluxes of the two components of
the binary. Measurement of three observables (total flux, position centroid and
flux distribution width) at each wavelength allows a unique separation of the
total flux into its component parts even though the angular separation of the
binary is smaller than the observations' point-spread function. This is because
we have three relevant observables for three unknowns (the two fluxes, and the
angular separation of the binary), which therefore generates a closed problem.
This is a wholly different technique than conventional deconvolution methods,
which produce information on angular sizes of the sampling scale.
Spectroastrometry can produce information on smaller scales than conventional
deconvolution, and is successful in separating fluxes in a binary object with a
separation of less than one pixel. We present an analysis of the errors
involved in making binary object spectroastrometric measurements and the
separation method, and highlight necessary observing methodology.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Spectroastrometry of rotating gas disks for the detection of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. I. Method and simulations
This is the first in a series of papers in which we study the application of
spectroastrometry in the context of gas kinematical studies aimed at measuring
the mass of supermassive black holes. The spectroastrometrical method consists
in measuring the photocenter of light emission in different wavelength or
velocity channels. In particular we explore the potential of spectroastrometry
of gas emission lines in galaxy nuclei to constrain the kinematics of rotating
gas disks and to measure the mass of putative supermassive black holes. By
means of detailed simulations and test cases, we show that the fundamental
advantage of spectroastrometry is that it can provide information on the
gravitational potential of a galaxy on scales significantly smaller (~ 1/10)
than the limit imposed by the spatial resolution of the observations. We then
describe a simple method to infer detailed kinematical informations from
spectroastrometry in longslit spectra and to measure the mass of nuclear mass
concentrations. Such method can be applied straightforwardly to integral field
spectra, which do not have the complexities due to a partial spatial covering
of the source in the case of longslit spectra.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Enhancing temporal correlations in EOF expansions for the reconstruction of missing data using DINEOF
DINEOF (Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions) is an EOF-based technique for the reconstruction of missing data in geophysical fields, such as those produced by clouds in sea surface temperature satellite images. A technique to reduce spurious time variability in DINEOF reconstructions is presented. The reconstruction of these images within a long time series using DINEOF can lead to large discontinuities in the reconstruction. Filtering the temporal covariance matrix allows to reduce this spurious variability and therefore more realistic reconstructions are obtained. The approach is tested in a three years sea surface temperature data set over the Black Sea. The effect of the filter in the temporal EOFs is presented, as well as some examples of the improvement achieved with the filtering in the SST reconstruction, both compared to the DINEOF approach without filtering
Solar Physics - Plasma Physics Workshop
A summary of the proceedings of a conference whose purpose was to explore plasma physics problems which arise in the study of solar physics is provided. Sessions were concerned with specific questions including the following: (1) whether the solar plasma is thermal or non-themal; (2) what spectroscopic data is required; (3) what types of magnetic field structures exist; (4) whether magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (5) whether resistive or non-magnetohydrodynamic instabilities occur; (6) what mechanisms of particle acceleration have been proposed; and (7) what information is available concerning shock waves. Very few questions were answered categorically but, for each question, there was discussion concerning the observational evidence, theoretical analyses, and existing or potential laboratory and numerical experiments
Is the solar spectrum latitude dependent? An investigation with SST/TRIPPEL
Context: In studies of the solar spectrum relative to spectra of solar twin
stars, it has been found that the chemical composition of the Sun seems to
depart systematically from those of the twins. One possible explanation is that
the effect is due to the special aspect angle of the Sun when observed from
Earth, as compared with the aspect angles of the twins. Thus, a latitude
dependence of the solar spectrum, even with the heliocentric angle constant,
could lead to effects of the type observed.
Aim: We explore a possible variation in the strength of certain spectral
lines, used in the comparisons between the composition of the Sun and the
twins, at loci on the solar disk with different latitudes but at constant
heliocentric angle.
Methods: We use the TRIPPEL spectrograph at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope
on La Palma to record spectra in five spectral regions in order to compare
different locations on the solar disk at a heliocentric angle of 45 deg.
Equivalent widths and other parameters are measured for fifteen different lines
representing nine atomic species.
Results: The relative variations in equivalent widths at the equator and at
solar latitude 45 deg are found to be less than 1.5 % for all spectral lines
studied. Translated to elemental abundances as they would be measured from a
terrestrial and a hypothetical pole-on observer, the difference is estimated to
be within 0.005 dex in all cases.
Conclusion: It is very unlikely that latitude effects could cause the
reported abundance difference between the Sun and the solar twins. The accuracy
obtainable in measurements of small differences in spectral line strengths
between different solar disk positions is very high.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic
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