Die Moral von Kaufleuten. Über die Urteilsleistungen und deren Beeinflussung durch Berufsausbildung

Aus welchem Niveau urteilen angehende Kaufleute in moralischen Konfliktlagen und wodurch wird die Entwicklung ihrer Urteilsfähigkeit im Laufe der Berufsausbildung beeinflusst? Der Beitrag berichtet aus einer [...] Längsschnittstudie erste Resultate zum Status und zum Wandel der moralischen Urteilsfähigkeit von Auszubildenden in der Versicherungsbranche und diskutiert im Zusammenhang damit kritisch den gegenwärtigen Stand der einschlägigen Theoriebildung. (DIPF/Orig.)On which level are young business people dealing with moral conflicts and what are the reasons for the development of their judgment competence during vocational education? In this paper some first results of an ongoing longitudinal study are reported including information on state and change of moral judgment competence of apprentices in insurance companies. Furthermore, a critical overview is given on the state of theory construction in two fields: (1) the impact of moral atmosphere on moral competence and (2) the development of moral competence. (DIPF/Orig.

Ensuring content validity of psychological and educational tests – the role of experts

Many test developers try to ensure the content validity of their tests by having external experts review the items in terms of relevance, difficulty, clarity, and so on. Although this approach is widely accepted, a closer look reveals there are several pitfalls that need to be avoided if experts’ advice is to be truly helpful. First, I offer a classification of tasks experts are given by test developers as reported on in the literature dealing with procedures of drawing on experts’ advice. Second, I review a sample of reports on test development (N = 72) to identify the common current procedures for selecting and consulting experts. Results indicate that often the choice of experts seems to be somewhat arbitrary, the questions posed to experts lack precision, and the methods used to evaluate experts' feedback are questionable. Given these findings I explore in more depth what prerequisites are necessary for their contributions to be useful in ensuring the content validity of tests. In conclusion, explicit guidelines on this matter need to be elaborated and standardised (above all, by the AERA, APA, and NCME-"Standards")

Strong magnetic fields and large rotation measures in protogalaxies by supernova seeding

We present a model for the seeding and evolution of magnetic fields in protogalaxies. Supernova (SN) explosions during the assembly of a protogalaxy provide magnetic seed fields, which are subsequently amplified by compression, shear flows and random motions. We implement the model into the MHD version of the cosmological N-body / SPH simulation code GADGET and we couple the magnetic seeding directly to the underlying multi-phase description of star formation. We perform simulations of Milky Way-like galactic halo formation using a standard LCDM cosmology and analyse the strength and distribution of the subsequent evolving magnetic field. A dipole-shape divergence-free magnetic field is injected at a rate of 10^{-9}G / Gyr within starforming regions, given typical dimensions and magnetic field strengths in canonical SN remnants. Subsequently, the magnetic field strength increases exponentially on timescales of a few ten million years. At redshift z=0, the entire galactic halo is magnetized and the field amplitude is of the order of a few $\mu$G in the center of the halo, and 10^{-9} G at the virial radius. Additionally, we analyse the intrinsic rotation measure (RM) of the forming galactic halo over redshift. The mean halo intrinsic RM peaks between redshifts z=4 and z=2 and reaches absolute values around 1000 rad m^{-2}. While the halo virializes towards redshift z=0, the intrinsic RM values decline to a mean value below 10 rad m^{-2}. At high redshifts, the distribution of individual starforming, and thus magnetized regions is widespread. In our model for the evolution of galactic magnetic fields, the seed magnetic field amplitude and distribution is no longer a free parameter, but determined self-consistently by the star formation process occuring during the formation of cosmic structures.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, accepted to MNRAS after moderate revisio

Synthetic X-ray and radio maps for two different models of Stephan's Quintet

We present simulations of the compact galaxy group Stephan's Quintet (SQ) including magnetic fields, performed with the N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code \textsc{Gadget}. The simulations include radiative cooling, star formation and supernova feedback. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is implemented using the standard smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD) method. We adapt two different initial models for SQ based on Renaud et al. and Hwang et al., both including four galaxies (NGC 7319, NGC 7320c, NGC 7318a and NGC 7318b). Additionally, the galaxies are embedded in a magnetized, low density intergalactic medium (IGM). The ambient IGM has an initial magnetic field of $10^{-9}$ G and the four progenitor discs have initial magnetic fields of $10^{-9} - 10^{-7}$ G. We investigate the morphology, regions of star formation, temperature, X-ray emission, magnetic field structure and radio emission within the two different SQ models. In general, the enhancement and propagation of the studied gaseous properties (temperature, X-ray emission, magnetic field strength and synchrotron intensity) is more efficient for the SQ model based on Renaud et al., whose galaxies are more massive, whereas the less massive SQ model based on Hwang et al. shows generally similar effects but with smaller efficiency. We show that the large shock found in observations of SQ is most likely the result of a collision of the galaxy NGC 7318b with the IGM. This large group-wide shock is clearly visible in the X-ray emission and synchrotron intensity within the simulations of both SQ models. The order of magnitude of the observed synchrotron emission within the shock front is slightly better reproduced by the SQ model based on Renaud et al., whereas the distribution and structure of the synchrotron emission is better reproduced by the SQ model based on Hwang et al..Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, accepted to MNRA

Lebensmitteleinzelhandel: Unsichere Erwartungen

Nach nur leichten Umsatzausweitungen in den letzten Jahren konnte der Lebensmitteleinzelhandel im Jahr 2000 bei günstigerem Konsumklima ein nominales Umsatzwachstum von 2,6% erzielen. Zum Jahreswechsel 2000/2001 kam es im Gefolge der Lebensmittelskandale allerdings zu einem Umsatzeinbruch, von dem sich die Branche vermutlich nur allmählich erholen wird.Deutschland; Lebensmitteleinzelhandel; Geschäftsklima; Branchenkonjunktur

Formation of a penumbra in a decaying sunspot

Context : Penumbrae are an important characteristic of sunspots, whose formation is intricately related to the nature of sub-photospheric magnetic fields. Aims : We study the formation of a penumbra in a decaying sunspot and compare its properties with those seen during the development of a proto-spot. Methods : High-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of active region NOAA 11283 were obtained from the spectro-polarimeter on board Hinode. These were complemented with full-disk filtergrams of continuum intensity, line-of-sight magnetograms, and dopplergrams from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager at high cadence. Results : The formation of a penumbra in the decaying sunspot occurs after the coalescence of the sunspot with a magnetic fragment/pore, which initially formed in the quiet Sun close to an emerging flux region. At first, a smaller set of penumbral filaments develop near the location of the merger with very bright penumbral grains with intensities of 1.2 I_QS, upflows of 4 km/s, and a lifetime of 10 hr. During the decay of these filaments, a larger segment of a penumbra forms at the location of the coalescence. These new filaments are characterized by nearly supersonic downflows of 6.5 km/s that change to a regular Evershed flow nearly 3 hr later. Conclusions : The coalescence of the pore with the decaying sunspot provided sufficient magnetic flux for the penumbra to form in the sunspot. The emerging flux region could have played a decisive role in this process because the formation occurred at the location of the merger and not on the opposite side of the sunspot.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters, 6 pages, 4 figure

Metallorganische Lewis-Säuren. Metallkomplexe mit schwach koordinierten Liganden

Die Tetrafluoroborato- und Hexafluoroantimonato-Komplexe (π-C5H5)(CO)3MoX (X = FBF3, FSbF5) setzen sich mit (π-C5H5)(CO)3MoCH3, (π-C5H5)(CO)2FeCH3 oder (π-C5H5)(CO)2FeCOCH3 und cis-, trans-Ph3P(CO)4MnCOCH3 zu [(π-C5H5)(CO)2Mo(μ2-η2-COCH3)Mo(CO)2(π-C5H5)]+ BF4− (I), [(π-C5H5)(CO)2Fe - C(CH3)O-Mo(CO)3(π-C5H5)]+ SbF6− (II) und [(Ph3P)(CO)4Mn-C(CH3)O-Mo(CO)3(π-C5H5)]+ BF4− (III) um