Microbial Communities of Conducting and Respiratory Zones of Lung-Transplanted Patients.

Background: Lung transplantation (LT) is a recognized treatment for end-stage pulmonary disease. Bacteria from the recipient nasopharynx seed the new lungs leading to infections and allograft damage. Understanding the characteristics and topological variations of the microbiota may be important to apprehend the pathophysiology of allograft dysfunction. Objectives: To examine the characteristics and relationship of bacterial compositions between conducting and respiratory zones of the allograft. Methods: We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on bronchial aspirates (BAs) and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) collected in pairs in 19 patients at several time-points post-LT. Results: The respiratory zone was characterized independently of the time post-LT by a higher bacterial richness than the conducting zone (p = 0.041). The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated both sampling zones, with an inverse correlation between these two phyla (Spearman r = -0.830). Samples of the same pair, as well as pairs from the same individual clustered together (Pseudo-F = 3.8652, p < 0.01). Microbiota of BA and BAL were more closely related in samples from the same patient than each sample type across different patients, with variation in community structure being mainly inter-individual (p < 0.01). Both number of antibiotics administered (p < 0.01) and time interval post-LT (p < 0.01) contributed to the variation in global microbiota structure. Longitudinal analysis of BA-BAL pairs of two patients showed dynamic wave like fluctuations of the microbiota. Conclusions: Our results show that post-transplant respiratory zones harbor higher bacterial richness, but overall similar bacterial profiles as compared to conductive zones. They further support an individual microbial signature following LT

La place du médecin généraliste dans le dépistage précoce des cancers les plus fréquents au Luxembourg (evidence-based medicine et habitudes des médecins.)

STRASBOURG-Medecine (674822101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Qu'a-t-on mangé dans la grotte des Jarres ? Une étude des usures et résidus alimentaires des céramiques de la fin du Néolithique

International audienc

Co-evolution with Staphylococcus aureus leads to lipopolysaccharide alterations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Detrimental and beneficial interactions between co-colonizing bacteria may influence the course of infections. In cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, Staphylococcus aureus prevails in childhood, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa progressively predominates thereafter. While a range of interactions has been identified, it is unclear if these represent specific adaptations or correlated responses to other aspects of the environment. Here, we investigate how P. aeruginosa adapts to S. aureus by evolving P. aeruginosa in the presence and absence of S. aureus. P. aeruginosa populations that evolved for 150 generations were sequenced and compared to the ancestor strain. Mutations in the Wsp signaling system were identified in both treatments and likely occurred because of low oxygen availability. Despite showing increased killing activity, wsp mutants were less fit in the presence of S. aureus. In contrast, mutations in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis occurred exclusively in co-cultures with S. aureus and conferred a fitness gain in its presence. Moreover, they increased resistance towards beta-lactam antibiotics. Strikingly, both mutations in wsp and LPS genes are observed in clinical isolates from CF-patients. Our results suggest that P. aeruginosa LPS mutations are a direct consequence of S. aureus imposed selection in vitro

Guerres et reconnaissance

L’optique de ce numéro de Cultures & Conflits consacré à la guerre et à la reconnaissance est d'ouvrir de nouvelles pistes de réflexion, ou de montrer comment certains concepts mobilisés par les théories de la reconnaissance peuvent trouver une pertinence dans l'étude des relations internationales, et plus spécifiquement dans celle des conflits armés. Contre la réduction faite par les théories utilitaristes des causes de la guerre à la recherche de la sécurité (homo politicus) ou du profit (homo economicus), nous partons de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les responsables d’une entité politique, lorsqu’ils s’engagent dans des hostilités armées, cherchent aussi à faire valoir une certaine image d’eux-mêmes et de leur collectivité (homo symbolicus). Certes, le désir des acteurs politiques d’affirmer une image valorisée d’eux-mêmes peut être motivé par des raisons stratégiques : leur légitimité interne et internationale, et donc leur survie politique, tiennent aussi à leur capital symbolique, comme le démontrent les cas libyen et syrien de 2011. Toutefois, nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle les dénis de reconnaissance sont également susceptibles de produire des affrontements armés à travers leurs dimensions pragmatique, émotionnelle et morale

International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus statement for the standardization of bronchoalveolar lavage in lung transplantation

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a key clinical and research tool in lung transplantation (LTx). However, BAL collection and processing are not standardized across LTx centers. This International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation-supported consensus document on BAL standardization aims to clarify definitions and propose common approaches to improve clinical and research practice standards. The following 9 areas are covered: (1) bronchoscopy procedure and BAL collection, (2) sample handling, (3) sample processing for microbiology, (4) cytology, (5) research, (6) microbiome, (7) sample inventory/tracking, (8) donor bronchoscopy, and (9) pediatric considerations. This consensus document aims to harmonize clinical and research practices for BAL collection and processing in LTx. The overarching goal is to enhance standardization and multicenter collaboration within the international LTx community and enable improvement and development of new BAL-based diagnostics