Les variations géographiques de la santé au Québec : une analyse de l’enquête Santé Québec par aire homogène.

Le présent article propose une lecture de l'enquête Santé Québec, réalisée en 1987, à travers une grille géographique par aire homogène (ou aire sociale). On procède d'abord à l'élaboration de cette grille par aire homogène, puis on en décrit les caractéristiques géo-socio-économiques pour finalement en tracer le bilan sanitaire. Il ressort de cette lecture d'importantes disparités entre les aires homogènes, tant dans les déterminants de l'état de santé (consommation d'alcool, de tabac, activité physique et soutien social), que dans l'état de santé lui-même (diverses pathologies) ou encore dans les conséquences de cet état de santé (incapacité, recours aux services, médication). Cette lecture retrace les populations les plus vulnérables au Québec, c'est-à-dire les résidants des vieux centres-villes et de certains secteurs limitrophes d'agglomérations et de villes, des capitales régionales et de la métropole, ainsi que les résidants de l'arrière-pays et de certaines petites villes de la périphérie.This article proposes to analyse the Québec Health Survey — carried out in 1987 — by using a geographic grid that covers each homogenous area (or social area). First, the grid is elaborated in terms of homogenous areas followed by a description of the geo-socio-economic characteristics of each area, which, in the end, allows for assessing the heath situation in homogenous areas. This analysis brings to light major discrepancies between homogenous areas in such sectors as heath status determinants (alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity and social or community support), the actual state of heath (various pathologies) and the consequences that may be attributed to the state of heath (incapacity, recourse to services, medication...). The analysis focuses on Quebec's most vulnerable populations : the low-income residents of the old inner cities and of certain border areas of agglomerations and cities, as well as their counterparts in the regional capitals and in Metropolitan Montréal. Disadvantaged inhabitants of the hinterland and of certain small towns on the periphery are also considered in the analysis

What Is Happening in the Youth Labour Market in Canada?

This paper analyzes the evolution of the labour market participation rate of men and women age 15 to 24 from 1976 to 1998. The0501n question being asked is why youth participation rates fell precipitously during the 1990s? We look at two dimensions of this decline: changes in the participation rate of youth who are not attending school (non-student participation rate) and changes in the employment rate of students. We find that the decline in the non-student participation rate is a consequence of two factors: (1) the overall bad state of the labour market in Canada during the 1990s, and (2) the large increase in school enrollment rates induced by factors other than the state of the labour market. One important finding is that demographic changes (baby boom vs baby bust) is a key explanation behind the steep increase in enrollment rates during the 1980s and 1990s. The only component of youth participation rates which seems to be a problem specific to the 1990s is the sharp drop in employment rates of students age 15 to 19. Cette étude vise à analyser l'évolution du taux de participation des jeunes Canadiens âgés de 15 à 24 ans au cours de la période allant de 1976 à 1998. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à comprendre pourquoi le taux de participation des jeunes a chuté au cours des années 90. Pour ce faire, nous examinons les changements dans le taux de participation des jeunes qui ne fréquentent pas l'école ainsi que les changements dans le taux d'emploi des étudiants. Les résultats indiquent que la baisse du taux de participation des jeunes découle de deux facteurs : (1) les mauvaises conditions globales du marché du travail au Canada durant les années 90, et (2) l'augmentation substantielle de la fréquentation scolaire causée par des facteurs autres que l'effet induit par les conditions du marché du travail. Un résultat important est que les changements démographiques constituent un facteur-clé pouvant expliquer l'accroissement important des taux de fréquentation scolaire au cours des années 80 et 90. La seule composante pouvant expliquer la chute des taux de participation qui soit spécifique aux années 90 est la forte baisse des taux d'emploi des étudiants âgés de 15 à 19 ans.Education, labour market, Éducation, marché du travail

Continuous Dependence on the Initial Data in the Kadison Transitivity Theorem and GNS Construction

We consider how the outputs of the Kadison transitivity theorem and Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction may be obtained in families when the initial data are varied. More precisely, for the Kadison transitivity theorem, we prove that for any nonzero irreducible representation $(\mathcal{H}, \pi)$ of a $C^*$-algebra $\mathfrak{A}$ and $n \in \mathbb{N}$, there exists a continuous function $A:X \rightarrow \mathfrak{A}$ such that $\pi(A(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}))x_i = y_i$ for all $i \in \{1, \ldots, n\}$, where $X$ is the set of pairs of $n$-tuples $(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}) \in \mathcal{H}^n \times \mathcal{H}^n$ such that the components of $\mathbf{x}$ are linearly independent. Versions of this result where $A$ maps into the self-adjoint or unitary elements of $\mathfrak{A}$ are also presented. Regarding the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction, we prove that given a topological $C^*$-algebra fiber bundle $p:\mathfrak{A} \rightarrow Y$, one may construct a topological fiber bundle $\mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A}) \rightarrow Y$ whose fiber over $y \in Y$ is the space of pure states of $\mathfrak{A}_y$ (with the norm topology), as well as bundles $\mathscr{H} \rightarrow \mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A})$ and $\mathscr{N} \rightarrow \mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A})$ whose fibers $\mathscr{H}_\omega$ and $\mathscr{N}_\omega$ over $\omega \in \mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A})$ are the GNS Hilbert space and closed left ideal, respectively, corresponding to $\omega$. When $p:\mathfrak{A} \rightarrow Y$ is a smooth fiber bundle, we show that $\mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A}) \rightarrow Y$ and $\mathscr{H}\rightarrow \mathscr{P}(\mathfrak{A})$ are also smooth fiber bundles; this involves proving that the group of $*$-automorphisms of a $C^*$-algebra is a Banach-Lie group. In service of these results, we review the geometry of the topology and pure state space. A simple non-interacting quantum spin system is provided as an example

Flow of (higher) Berry curvature and bulk-boundary correspondence in parametrized quantum systems

This paper is concerned with the physics of parametrized gapped quantum many-body systems, which can be viewed as a generalization of conventional topological phases of matter. In such systems, rather than considering a single Hamiltonian, one considers a family of Hamiltonians that depend continuously on some parameters. After discussing the notion of phases of parametrized systems, we formulate a bulk-boundary correspondence for an important bulk quantity, the Kapustin-Spodyneiko higher Berry curvature, first in one spatial dimension and then in arbitrary dimension. This clarifies the physical interpretation of the higher Berry curvature, which in one spatial dimension is a flow of (ordinary) Berry curvature. In d dimensions, the higher Berry curvature is a flow of (d-1)-dimensional higher Berry curvature. Based on this, we discuss one-dimensional systems that pump Chern number to/from spatial boundaries, resulting in anomalous boundary modes featuring isolated Weyl points. In higher dimensions, there are pumps of the analogous quantized invariants obtained by integrating the higher Berry curvature. We also discuss the consequences for parametrized systems of Kitaev's proposal that invertible phases are classified by a generalized cohomology theory, and emphasize the role of the suspension isomorphism in generating new examples of parametrized systems from known invertible phases. Finally, we present a pair of general quantum pumping constructions, based on physical pictures introduced by Kitaev, which take as input a d-dimensional parametrized system, and produce new (d+1)-dimensional parametrized systems. These constructions are useful for generating examples, and we conjecture that one of the constructions realizes the suspension isomorphism in a generalized cohomology theory of invertible phases.Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures. v2: references adde

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling after subcutaneous, intravenous and buccal administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine in conscious cats

The aim of this study was to describe the joint pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model and evaluate thermal antinociception of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (Simbadol™) in cats

Functional characterization of a melon alcohol acyl-transferase gene family involved in the biosynthesis of ester volatiles. Identification of the crucial role of a threonine residue for enzyme activity

Volatile esters, a major class of compounds contributing to the aroma of many fruit, are synthesized by alcohol acyl-transferases (AAT). We demonstrate here that, in Charentais melon (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis), AAT are encoded by a gene family of at least four members with amino acid identity ranging from 84% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT2) and 58% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT3) to only 22% (Cm-AAT1/Cm-AAT4). All encoded proteins, except Cm-AAT2, were enzymatically active upon expression in yeast and show differential substrate preferences. Cm-AAT1 protein produces a wide range of short and long-chain acyl esters but has strong preference for the formation of E-2-hexenyl acetate and hexyl hexanoate. Cm-AAT3 also accepts a wide range of substrates but with very strong preference for producing benzyl acetate. Cm-AAT4 is almost exclusively devoted to the formation of acetates, with strong preference for cinnamoyl acetate. Site directed mutagenesis demonstrated that the failure of Cm-AAT2 to produce volatile esters is related to the presence of a 268-alanine residue instead of threonine as in all active AAT proteins. Mutating 268-A into 268-T of Cm-AAT2 restored enzyme activity, while mutating 268-T into 268-A abolished activity of Cm-AAT1. Activities of all three proteins measured with the prefered substrates sharply increase during fruit ripening. The expression of all Cm-AAT genes is up-regulated during ripening and inhibited in antisense ACC oxidase melons and in fruit treated with the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating a positive regulation by ethylene. The data presented in this work suggest that the multiplicity of AAT genes accounts for the great diversity of esters formed in melon

Dangler for Accelerated Dehydration: A Novel System for Assessing the Impacts of Relative Humidity on Fruit Water Loss During Cold Storage of Blueberries

Blueberries are prone to dehydration during storage. Firmness is one of the most critical quality attributes associated with this period, with the loss of water from the fruit representing the most significant limitation for the fresh market. Therefore, one of the great challenges is maintaining the quality characteristics of the fruit in shipments by sea, which can take up to 60 days when sent from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere. The random arrangement of each fruit within a packaging unit (different proportions of the stem scar and cuticular surface exposed to the environment) represents an essential source of variation in the prediction of softening during the storage period. A special device, referred to as a dangler for accelerated dehydration (DAD), was designed to expose nearly the entire fruit surface to the environment and determine the impact of factors such as relative humidity and the role of the stem scar and cuticle on fruit water loss. Consequently, to evaluate the ability of DADs to find differences in fruit dehydration, blueberries sampled at early, peak, and late harvest dates were placed in DADs and exposed to three controlled levels of relative humidity (30%, 65%, and 96% relative humidity; 1.2 ± 0.7 °C) for 10 days. Berries within the DADs were untreated, immersed in hexane for 5 seconds to remove bloom, painted with quick-drying nail polish on the pedicel end to seal the stem scar or immersed in hexane for 5 seconds, and painted with quick-drying nail polish on the pedicel end. At each harvest, fruit weight loss was significantly affected by the fruit and RH treatments, as well as the interaction between them. A regression analysis of the control treatment indicated that water loss at lower relative humidities occurred faster in fruit from the first harvest. The results reveal that DADs can be used to characterize preharvest and postharvest stimuli at an individual level and within a short time (10 days)

FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans

Background Genomewide association studies can be used to identify disease-relevant genomic regions, but interpretation of the data is challenging. The FTO region harbors the strongest genetic association with obesity, yet the mechanistic basis of this association remains elusive. Methods We examined epigenomic data, allelic activity, motif conservation, regulator expression, and gene coexpression patterns, with the aim of dissecting the regulatory circuitry and mechanistic basis of the association between the FTO region and obesity. We validated our predictions with the use of directed perturbations in samples from patients and from mice and with endogenous CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing in samples from patients. Results Our data indicate that the FTO allele associated with obesity represses mitochondrial thermogenesis in adipocyte precursor cells in a tissue-autonomous manner. The rs1421085 T-to-C single-nucleotide variant disrupts a conserved motif for the ARID5B repressor, which leads to derepression of a potent preadipocyte enhancer and a doubling of IRX3 and IRX5 expression during early adipocyte differentiation. This results in a cell-autonomous developmental shift from energy-dissipating beige (brite) adipocytes to energy-storing white adipocytes, with a reduction in mitochondrial thermogenesis by a factor of 5, as well as an increase in lipid storage. Inhibition of Irx3 in adipose tissue in mice reduced body weight and increased energy dissipation without a change in physical activity or appetite. Knockdown of IRX3 or IRX5 in primary adipocytes from participants with the risk allele restored thermogenesis, increasing it by a factor of 7, and overexpression of these genes had the opposite effect in adipocytes from nonrisk-allele carriers. Repair of the ARID5B motif by CRISPR–Cas9 editing of rs1421085 in primary adipocytes from a patient with the risk allele restored IRX3 and IRX5 repression, activated browning expression programs, and restored thermogenesis, increasing it by a factor of 7. Conclusions Our results point to a pathway for adipocyte thermogenesis regulation involving ARID5B, rs1421085, IRX3, and IRX5, which, when manipulated, had pronounced pro-obesity and anti-obesity effects. (Funded by the German Research Center for Environmental Health and others.)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01HG004037)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01GM113708)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01HG008155)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (RC1HG005334

Vers une nouvelle érudition : numérisation et recherche en histoire du livre

En décembre 1999, à l\u27Enssib, s’est déroulé le colloque "Vers une nouvelle érudition : numérisation et recherche en histoire du livre", organisé dans le cadre des 12e Entretiens du Centre Jacques Cartier sous la responsabilité de Dominique Varry (enssib), Annie Charon (école nationale des chartes) et Guylaine Baudry (Université de Montréal)