Middle School and High School Teachers\u27 Actual and Perceived Use of Praise and Reprimand

This study aimed to examine teachers\u27 natural praise and reprimand rates among 66 middle and high school teachers. In addition, teachers\u27 perceptions of how often they praised and reprimanded were compared to their actual use of praise and reprimands. A total of 1,320 direct-observation minutes were collected using 20-min observations for each teacher. After teachers were observed they completed a survey rating their perceived use of praise and reprimand. Teachers were observed to use significantly more general praise compared to behavior specific praise. They were also observed to use significantly more mild reprimands compared to any other type of reprimand. There was a statistically significant positive relation between teachers\u27 actual and perceived use of general praise as well as statistically significant positive relations between teachers\u27 actual and perceived use of mild, gestural, and total reprimand. Finally, there was a significant positive relationship between actual and perceived praise difference and actual and perceived reprimand difference. In other words, teachers that had a greater difference between their actual and perceived praise tended to have a greater difference between their actual and perceived reprimand. Future research directions and implications for teacher praise training to improve classroom management is discussed

Middle School and High School Teachers\u27 Actual and Perceived Use of Praise and Reprimand

This study aimed to examine teachers\u27 natural praise and reprimand rates among 66 middle and high school teachers. In addition, teachers\u27 perceptions of how often they praised and reprimanded were compared to their actual use of praise and reprimands. A total of 1,320 direct-observation minutes were collected using 20-min observations for each teacher. After teachers were observed they completed a survey rating their perceived use of praise and reprimand. Teachers were observed to use significantly more general praise compared to behavior specific praise. They were also observed to use significantly more mild reprimands compared to any other type of reprimand. There was a statistically significant positive relation between teachers\u27 actual and perceived use of general praise as well as statistically significant positive relations between teachers\u27 actual and perceived use of mild, gestural, and total reprimand. Finally, there was a significant positive relationship between actual and perceived praise difference and actual and perceived reprimand difference. In other words, teachers that had a greater difference between their actual and perceived praise tended to have a greater difference between their actual and perceived reprimand. Future research directions and implications for teacher praise training to improve classroom management is discussed

“The United States’ Broken Immigration Policy: The Labor Shortage and a Public Policy Solution”

The United States is a nation divided. The recent surge of illegal immigration into the United States has been the source of contention and debate among the American public. While some want to welcome all immigrants, others insist that immigrants enter the United States legally. With an emphasis placed on the accommodation and the placement of illegal immigrants, less attention has been paid to the United States’ need for immigration. This article asserts that while illegal immigration is a problem that must be addressed, more immigrants are needed. With sinking birth rates and an aging population, the United States needs more immigrants – now - to address its labor shortage and to sustain its economy. Rather than open borders or lax, unenforced immigration law, we call for a more robust immigration policy that streamlines guest worker visas. We argue that policy leaders should prioritize immigration policy reform with three specific goals in mind: 1) identifying legal ways to balance a declining labor pool with an enhanced through streamlined and more reasonable guest-worker policies; 2) protecting the rule of law by assuring compliance with immigration law, 3) simplify the naturalization process, making it more attainable to immigrants

Protracted Social Conflict: A Reconceptualization and Case Analysis

What are the necessary components of protracted social conflict (PSC)? The works of Edward Azar have laid the foundation as to how PSC is approached in modern scholarship by identifying four necessary components: effective participation, security, distinctive identity, and social recognition of identity. However, do these components account for all of the descriptive and sustaining aspects of PSC? How are these components measured? Furthermore, testing and verification of these components has been limited. Of specific interest to this dissertation, then, is how the theory of PSC is organized and what its theoretically necessary components truly are. This dissertation reconceputalizes and tests the theoretic components of PSC using the historical-comparative approach with Boolean and confirmatory factor analysis methodologies. A new theoretical framework is applied to the Arab-Israeli and Northern Ireland conflicts. The purpose of this research project, therefore, is to present, test, and justify a theoretical reconceptualization of the necessary components of PS

The effect of salinity on the growth rate of Zizania palustris in controlled and natural settings

General EcologyWe compared the growth rate of wild rice, Zizania Palustris, in varying concentrations of road salt—0 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 3000 mg/L, and 5000 mg/L. Then, we conducted two experiments, one in a controlled environment using a growth chamber, and the other outside. In the growth chamber, we had six replicates of each salt solution, giving us a total of 36 Petri dishes, with two seeds in each replicate. In the outdoor experiment, we set up three tubs and each contained nine plastic Solo® cups to grow the wild rice in. We put approximately 222 grams of sand from the shore of Douglas Lake in each cup and distributed the six solutions randomly throughout each tub. The remaining three cups contained only sand to make sure weight was distributed evenly and the cups had an equal amount of space within the tubs. We weighed the seeds in the growth chamber on day 5 of the experiment, and then weighed them again on day 7, along with the root and shoot of each plant. On day 10, we did the same for the plants outside. Using a significance level of 0.05 for both environments, we analyzed the seeds from the growth chamber and used a linear regression model. On both day 5 and day 7 in the growth chamber, weights of the wild rice plants confirmed that there was a negative relationship between salinity level and seed growth (R2 = 0.960 for day 5 and 0.964 for day 7, both with a p-value of 0.00). However, for the outdoor experiment, the linear regression test was not significant (R2 = 0.428, p-value = 0.159). Both experiments showed significance when ANOVA tests were conducted (growth chamber p-value = 0.010, outside = 0.020) and we concluded that higher salt concentrations have a negative effect on the growth of wild rice. Using a Dunnett test we found this was true for the plants in the growth chamber, particularly at the higher levels of 3000 mg/L and 5000 mg/L.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61460/1/Crocker_Beaudoin_Kaufman_Morgan_2008.pd

Numerical study of sediment particle trajectories under tidal bores

The tidal bores occur in the shallow mouths of some rivers when high tides rise in the narrow funnel-shaped estuaries. There are two kinds of tidal bores. Low Froude numbers Fr lead to low turbulences in the river flows, inducing undular tidal bores. High Froude numbers Fr lead to high turbulences in the river flows, inducing breaking tidal bores. The study of sediment particle trajectories in tidal bores will help us to understand the mechanisms of sediment transport in the river flows where the tidal bore phenomenon can appear. OPENFOAM, a CFD code, was used to simulate undular and breaking tidal bores by varying the Fr between 0.994 and 1.66. The validation of numerical simulations was performed by means of the Lemoine's theory. The analysis of the wave amplitude aw and the wave length Lw has allowed us to define the transition between the hydraulic jumps and the undular tidal bores, and the transition between the undular and breaking tidal bores. Lw approaches the infinity when the undular tidal bores become hydraulic jumps. The decrease of the wave amplitude aw is related to the presence of breaking tidal bores. The undular tidal bores appear for Fr > 1.21 and they become breaking for Fr > 1.38. A tracker method, based on solving of Maxey-Riley equations, was used to estimate the trajectory of sediment particles in undular tidal bores. The analysis of sediment particle trajectories was performed by means of the Chen's model modified. The modication of the Chen's model uses three parameters denoted b1, b2 and b3. The relation between each parameter and the Froude number Fr was established. b1 related to the front celerity, decreases when Fr increases. The undular tidal bores move faster than the breaking tidal bores. b2 and b3, related to the elevation and the attenuation, increase when Fr increases. The train of undulations disappears with Fr. The turbulence is responsible of the disappearance of undulations

The social and political lives of zoonotic disease models: Narratives, science and policy

Zoonotic diseases currently pose both major health threats and complex scientific and policy challenges, to which modelling is increasingly called to respond. In this article we argue that the challenges are best met by combining multiple models and modelling approaches that elucidate the various epidemiological, ecological and social processes at work. These models should not be understood as neutral science informing policy in a linear manner, but as having social and political lives: social, cultural and political norms and values that shape their development and which they carry and project. We develop and illustrate this argument in relation to the cases of H5N1 avian influenza and Ebola, exploring for each the range of modelling approaches deployed and the ways they have been co-constructed with a particular politics of policy. Addressing the complex, uncertain dynamics of zoonotic disease requires such social and political lives to be made explicit in approaches that aim at triangulation rather than integration, and plural and conditional rather than singular forms of policy advice.ESR

Author Correction: Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial (Nature Medicine, (2021), 27, 11, (2012-2024), 10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2)

In the version of this Article initially published, there was an omission in the member list for the CONCOR-1 Study Group. Valérie Arsenault (Héma-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) has now been included in the CONCOR-1 Study Group in the online version of the article