Uncertainty in the numerical modelling of masonry triplet tests under dynamic loading

Masonry structures have been broadly used worldwide for centuries. These structures are likely to be subjected to seismic movements, malicious or accidental blast and/or impact loading. Expanding the current body of knowledge of how masonry structures perform under such conditions and developing reliable and robust modelling techniques is essential to improve both the efficiency and safety of the design and retrofitting of such structures. A great deal of research is currently ongoing to understand the behaviour of masonry under shock and impact loading, and this is proving to be a challenging endeavour. Masonry construction on the whole is surrounded by a high degree of variability ranging from the heterogeneity of the materials used, the degree of workmanship during construction and the uncertainty regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the brick-to-mortar interface. Masonry is known to experience a dynamic enhancement of its strength properties when subjected to impact loading and dynamic increase factors (DIFs) have been used to adjust static masonry properties accordingly when subjected to this type of loading. These DIFs are derived from sparse experimental tests and their use can be severely limited to the conditions of the tests performed, and the results obtained can carry a high degree of uncertainty. This paper considers the uncertainty present at the brick-to-mortar interface, by using Monte Carlo simulations, when subjected to dynamic loading in a standard triplet test using LS-DYNA. The results of the modelling have been compared, contrasted and discussed for use in a larger research project on the robust characterisation of masonry structures when subjected to blast and seismic loadin

Sites of Biosynthesis of Outer and Inner Membrane Proteins of Neurospora crassa Mitochondria

Outer and inner membranes of Neurospora crassa mitochondria were separated by the combined swelling, shrinking, sonication procedure. Membranes were characterized by electron microscopy and by marker enzyme activities. A red carotenoid pigment was found to be concentrated in the outer membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane was resolved into about 20 protein bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the outer membrane shows essentially one single protein band. Only negligible incorporation of radioactive amino acids occurs into outer membrane when isolated mitochondria are synthesizing polypeptide chains. In agreement with this observation labeling of outer membrane protein is almost entirely blocked, when whole Neurospora cells are incubated with radioactive amino acids in the presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis. Finally, the essential electrophoretic protein band from outer membrane does not become labeled when mitochondria are incubated with radioactive amino acids either in vitro or in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide. It is concluded that the vast majority, if not all, of the outer membrane protein is synthesized by the cytoplasmic system and that polypeptide chains formed by the mitochondrial ribosomes are integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane

Extended performance solar electric propulsion thrust system study. Volume 4: Thruster technology evaluation

Several thrust system design concepts were evaluated and compared using the specifications of the most advanced 30 cm engineering model thruster as the technology base. Emphasis was placed on relatively high power missions (60 to 100 kW) such as a Halley's comet rendezvous. The extensions in thruster performance required for the Halley's comet mission were defined and alternative thrust system concepts were designed in sufficient detail for comparing mass, efficiency, reliability, structure, and thermal characteristics. Confirmation testing and analysis of thruster and power processing components were performed, and the feasibility of satisfying extended performance requirements was verified. A baseline design was selected from the alternatives considered, and the design analysis and documentation were refined. The baseline thrust system design features modular construction, conventional power processing, and a concentrator solar array concept and is designed to interface with the Space Shuttle

Spiral strand cables subjected to high velocity fragment impact

Structural cables are widely adopted around the world in offshore construction, sports stadia, large scale bridges, Ferris wheels and suspended canopy and fabric structures. However, the robustness of such structures to blast or impact is uncertain with a particular concern related to the loss of a primary structural cable when damaged by high velocity blast fragmentation. This paper presents the first ever numerical and experimental study on commonly used high-strength steel spiral strand cables subjected to high velocity fragment impact. Spiral strand cables were impacted by 20 mm fragment simulating projectiles travelling at velocities between 200 and 1400 m/s. Complex 3D non-linear finite element models were developed and carefully compared with experimental tests. The penetration resistance of the cables and resultant damage were studied with respect to fragment impact velocity. It was found that for all the impact velocities, the fragment penetration depth was less than half of the cable diameter demonstrating a considerable amount of resilience. Considering the damage caused, the residual cable breaking strengths were estimated and found to be still higher than the minimum breaking load of an un-damaged cable. The numerical models were also able to reproduce the main features of the impact tests, including the extent of localised damage area, the fragment penetration depth and mode of individual wire failures, thus demonstrating their potential to be widely used in industry for structural resilience and robustness assessments by structural engineers

Excitation spectrum of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in a ring potential

A mixture of two distinguishable Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a ring potential has numerous interesting properties under rotational and solitary-wave excitation. The lowest-energy states for a fixed angular momentum coincide with a family of solitary-wave solutions. In the limit of weak interactions, exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian is possible and permits evaluation of the complete excitation spectrum of the system.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

GeoBoids: A Mobile AR Application for Exergaming

“© © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.”We have designed a mobile Augmented Reality (AR) game which incorporates video see-through and spatialized audio AR techniques and encourages player movement in the real world. In the game, called GeoBoids, the player is surrounded by flocks of virtual creatures that are visible and audible through mobile AR application. The goal is for the player to run to the location of a GeoBoid swarm in the real world, capture all the creatures there, then run to the next swarm and repeat, before time runs out, encouraging the player to exercise during game play. The most novel elements of the game are the use of audio input and output for interacting with the creatures. The interface design of the game includes AR visualization, spatialized audio, touch gestures and whistle interaction. Feedback from users in a preliminary user study was mostly positive on overall game play and the design of the UI, while the results also revealed improvements were needed for whistle interaction and the visual design of the GeoBoids

Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Quantum Wells

The principal mechanisms of Auger recombination of nonequilibrium carriers in semiconductor heterostructures with quantum wells are investigated. It is shown for the first time that there exist three fundamentally different Auger recombination mechanisms of (i) thresholdless, (ii) quasi-threshold, and (iii) threshold types. The rate of the thresholdless Auger process depends on temperature only slightly. The rate of the quasi-threshold Auger process depends on temperature exponentially. However, its threshold energy essentially varies with quantum well width and is close to zero for narrow quantum wells. It is shown that the thresholdless and the quasi-threshold Auger processes dominate in narrow quantum wells, while the threshold and the quasi-threshold processes prevail in wide quantum wells. The limiting case of a three-dimensional (3D)Auger process is reached for infinitely wide quantum wells. The critical quantum well width is found at which the quasi-threshold and threshold Auger processes merge into a single 3D Auger process. Also studied is phonon-assisted Auger recombination in quantum wells. It is shown that for narrow quantum wells the act of phonon emission becomes resonant, which in turn increases substantially the coefficient of phonon-assisted Auger recombination. Conditions are found under which the direct Auger process dominates over the phonon-assisted Auger recombination at various temperatures and quantum well widths.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figure