11 research outputs found
Subchronic and chronic PCP treatment produces temporally distinct deficits in attentional set shifting and prepulse inhibition in rats
We have previously demonstrated that subchronic (five daily administrations of 2.6 mg/kg PCP) and chronic intermittent administration of 2.6 mg/kg PCP to rats produces hypofrontality and other neurochemical changes akin to schizophrenia pathology (Cochran et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 28:265-275, 2003). We sought to determine whether behavioral alterations related to discrete aspects of schizophrenia are also induced by these PCP treatment regimes. Following administration of vehicle or PCP according to the protocols described above, rats were assessed for attentional set shifting ability, prepulse inhibition (PPI), or social interaction and the locomotor response to a challenge dose of amphetamine. Ability to shift attentional set was impaired 72 h after the last PCP administration following the subchronic and chronic intermittent treatment regimes. PPI was disrupted after each acute administration of PCP in animals under the subchronic treatment regime. However, PPI deficits were not sustained 72 h after the last of five daily administrations. In subchronic and chronic PCP treated animals, no change was found in social interaction behavior, and there was little change in baseline or amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity, employed as an indicator of dopaminergic hyperfunction. The temporally distinct behavioral effects of these PCP treatment regimes suggest that PPI deficits relate directly to acute NMDA receptor antagonism, whereas the more enduring set shifting deficits relate to the longer term consequences of NMDA receptor blockade. Therefore, these subchronic and chronic PCP treatment regimes produce hypofrontality (Cochran et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 28:265-275, 2003) and associated prefrontal cortex-dependent deficits in behavioral flexibility which mirror core deficits in schizophrenia
Alkane Functionalization via Electrophilic Activation
Electrophilic activation, which may be defined as the substitution of a
transition metal center for a proton to generate a new metal–carbon bond, is the
basis of a number of promising approaches to selective catalytic functionalization
of alkanes. The field was introduced by the groundbreaking chemistry exhibited by
aqueous chloroplatinum complexes, reported by Shilov in the early 1970s. Since
then the field has expanded greatly, and electrophilic alkane activation has been
demonstrated using a wide variety of species. These include ligand-supported
platinum complexes; complexes of additional late transition metals, most commonly
palladium but also iridium, gold and others; and even post-transition metals
such as mercury. That body of work is surveyed here, with particular emphasis on
mechanistic understanding, examples of actual functionalization at sp^3-hybridized
C–H bonds in alkanes and related compounds, and assessment of the further
development that will be needed for practical applications