(Post-)queer citizenship in contemporary republican France

1996 saw the publication of Frédéric Martel’s Le Rose et le noir, a comprehensive study of three decades of gay life in metropolitan France. The predominantly anti-communitarian stance adopted by Martel in the epilogue to the first edition of his work had evolved, by the time of the book’s publication en poche in 2000, into a more nuanced view of the interactions and intersections between queer and republican identities in contemporary France. This development was influenced, in large part, by concrete changes which took place over the second half of the 1990s, centring around the introduction of the PACS in 1999, and leading to an ever-broadening debate. This paper will begin by setting forth the ways in which Martel’s position changed and analysing the attitudinal, social, and legislative backdrop which paved the way for such a change to occur. It will then bring Martel’s work into a dialogue with the writings of Eric Fassin and Maxime Foerster, both of whom have, like Martel, offered crucial analyses of the place of queer citizens within the contemporary French republic. Particular attention will first be paid to the ways in which Fassin, in his writings, has underlined the salience of the ‘droit du sol/droit du sang’ debate, traditionally associated with questions of ethnic belonging, in light of public and political discussions revolving around questions of queer kinship raised by the introduction of the PACS. This will lead into an examination of Foerster’s assertion that gay citizens of the Republic, in the era of the PACS, find themselves in a role previously held by women, in other words, as elements that require integration within a republican model. Foerster argues that this requirement to integrate is indicative of the fact that the traditional republican claim that the citizen is a blank canvas is at best misguided, and, at worst, has been deliberately subverted. This paper will examine the manner in which Martel and Fassin’s observations can be used to further strengthen the points raised by Foerster, concluding with the latter that a true engagement with the issues raised by debates around queer citizenship over the past decade can, in fact, allow the contemporary republican citizen to ‘devenir ceux [qu’il] est’. In other words, the article will conclude that the potential impact of the PACS legislation and the broader discussions it has provoked could be a renegotiation of the relationship between queer citizens and the republic

Une priorité nationale

Bayrou François. Une priorité nationale. In: Hommes et Migrations, n°1117, décembre 1988. Dossier Illettrisme. pp. 14-19

Séminaire sur les institutions de la Vème République

National audienc

aktualnost konstruktivistične spoznavnoteoretske orientacije v psihologiji

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the causative agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. Since its emergence, in the late 1990s, CyHV 3 has caused severe economic losses worldwide creating a need for a safe and efficacious vaccine. With this goal in mind, recombinant strains deleted for single gene were produced using prokaryotic recombination technologies. While producing such a recombinant for ORF134, we unexpectedly obtained a clone deleted for ORF56 and ORF57 in addition to the expected deletion of ORF134. Interestingly, this triple deleted recombinant replicated efficiently in vitro, exhibited an attenuated profile and induced an immune protection against a lethal challenge in vivo. To determine the role of each deleted locus in the phenotype of the triple deleted recombinant, a series of recombinant were produced and tested in vivo. Firstly, to investigate the role of ORF134 deletion, a double ORF56-57 deleted recombinant and an independent triple ORF56-57-ORF134 deleted recombinant were produced. These experiments revealed that ORF134 deletion did contribute significantly neither to the attenuation nor to the immune protection observed for the triple deleted recombinant. Secondly, to determine the relative importance of ORF56 and ORF57 deletion in the attenuation observed, two single deleted recombinants were produced for ORF56 and ORF57. These experiments demonstrated that ORF57 deletion, in contrast to ORF56 deletion, correlates with an attenuated phenotype. Based on its safety-efficacy profile, the ORF56-57 double deleted recombinant was selected as a candidate vaccine. Complementary experiments were performed to further investigate the potential of this strain as a safe and efficacious attenuated recombinant vaccine. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (i) In vivo imaging (IVIS) of vaccinated fish challenged with a wild type strain expressing luciferase as a reporter gene, suggested that vaccination induces a sterile immunity at the portal of entry. (ii) Study of viral tropism by qPCR, IVIS, and histopathological analyses, demonstrated that in comparison to the wild type parental strain, the vaccine strain replicates at lower level, at later time post-infection and for a shorter period of time. (iii) Transmission studies demonstrated that there is no detectable spread of the vaccine from freshly vaccinated fish to naive fish located immediately down stream of vaccinated fish (water sharing). All together, the results of the present study demonstrate the potential of ORF56-ORF57 double deleted CyHV-3 recombinant strain for safe and efficacious mass vaccination of carp

Minerali pohorskih eklogitov

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV 3) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries, and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed. We produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis. When producing a recombinant lacking open reading frame 134 (ORF134), we unexpectedly obtained a clone with additional deletion of ORF56 and ORF57. This triple deleted recombinant replicated efficiently in vitro and expressed an in vivo safety/efficacy profile compatible with use as an attenuated vaccine. To determine the role of the double ORF56-57 deletion in the phenotype and to improve further the quality of the vaccine candidate, a series of deleted recombinants was produced and tested in vivo. These experiments led to the selection of a double deleted recombinant lacking ORF56 and ORF57 as a vaccine candidate. The safety and efficacy of this strain were studied using an in vivo bioluminescent imaging system (IVIS), qPCR, and histopathological examination, which demonstrated that it enters fish via skin infection similar to the wild type strain. However, compared to the parental wild type strain, the vaccine candidate replicated at lower levels and spread less efficiently to secondary sites of infection. Transmission experiments allowing water contamination with or without additional physical contact between fish demonstrated that the vaccine candidate has a reduced ability to spread from vaccinated fish to naïve sentinel cohabitants. Finally, IVIS analyses demonstrated that the vaccine candidate induces a protective mucosal immune response at the portal of entry. Thus, the present study is the first to report the rational development of a recombinant attenuated vaccine against CyHV 3 for mass vaccination of carp. We also demonstrated the relevance of the CyHV 3 carp model for studying alloherpesvirus transmission and mucosal immunity in teleost skin

Flow chart of experiments performed to study the effect of the double ORF56-57 deletion on CyHV-3 pathogenesis.

<p>At time 0, carp (mean weight ± SD 30.40 g ± 9.12 g, 9 months old) were infected for 2 h by immersion in water containing WT Luc strain or the Δ56-57 Luc strain at 400 pfu/ml, then returned to larger tanks. At the indicated time points (restricted to maximum 8 dpi for the WT Luc strain to precede the peak of mortality), fish were sampled and submitted to the read-outs listed in the lower part of the figure. The read-out data are presented in Figs. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690#ppat.1004690.g005" target="_blank">5</a>–<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690#ppat.1004690.g007" target="_blank">7</a>. Throughout these figures, the data obtained for each fish (according to viral strain and time post-infection) are represented by the same symbol to allow correlation of the data obtained for the different organs and with the different read-outs.</p

Primers used in this study.

<p>Primers used in this study.</p

Effect of the double ORF56-57 deletion on viral tropism according to qPCR analysis.

<p>The number of viral genome copies is expressed as log₁₀ per 10⁶ carp glucokinase gene copies. Individual values represent the mean of duplicate measurements. Mock-infected fish were used as a negative control and no viral genome copies were detected in these fish. The number of positive fish among six analyzed fish is represented by grey bars. Statistical analyses compared the first four time points (2, 4, 6, and 8 dpi) available for both strains. Viral charge (Viral genome copies/10⁶ carp glucokinase gene copies (log₁₀)) was compared using two-way ANOVA taking viral strain and time post-infection as variables (p(cop)), whereas the number of positive fish per group was compared using a permutation test (p(no)).</p

Flow chart of experiments performed to study the effect of the double ORF56-57 deletion on CyHV-3 pathogenesis.

<p>At time 0, carp (mean weight ± SD 30.40 g ± 9.12 g, 9 months old) were infected for 2 h by immersion in water containing WT Luc strain or the Δ56-57 Luc strain at 400 pfu/ml, then returned to larger tanks. At the indicated time points (restricted to maximum 8 dpi for the WT Luc strain to precede the peak of mortality), fish were sampled and submitted to the read-outs listed in the lower part of the figure. The read-out data are presented in Figs. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690#ppat.1004690.g005" target="_blank">5</a>–<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690#ppat.1004690.g007" target="_blank">7</a>. Throughout these figures, the data obtained for each fish (according to viral strain and time post-infection) are represented by the same symbol to allow correlation of the data obtained for the different organs and with the different read-outs.</p

Production of CyHV-3 recombinants.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of wild-type ORF56-57 and ORF56-57 deleted genotypes. CyHV-3 ORFs are represented by white arrows. Predicted promoters in the ORF56-ORF57 region are represented by angular black arrows below the wild-type ORF56-57 genotype. In-frame ATGs of ORF57 are indicated by red lines. SacI restriction sites and predicted restriction fragments (in kb) are shown. Coordinates are those of the CyHV-3 reference strain available in GenBank (Accession number NC_009127.1). (B) Flowchart of the production of double (Δ56-57) and triple (Δ56-57Δ134) deleted recombinants for CyHV-3 ORF134 and/or ORF56-57. To simplify the reading of the manuscript, recombinants were given a nickname (in red) that will be used hereafter. The right side of the figure summarizes the genotype of the strains for ORF55 (TK), ORF56-57, and ORF134. Del, deleted; trunc, truncated.</p