20 research outputs found
Contextualizing discretion : micro-dynamics of Canadaâs refugee determination system
Ă une Ă©poque oĂč l'immigration internationale est de plus en plus difficile et sĂ©lective, le statut de rĂ©fugiĂ© constitue un bien public prĂ©cieux qui permet Ă certains non-citoyens l'accĂšs et l'appartenance au pays hĂŽte. Reposant sur le jugement discrĂ©tionnaire du dĂ©cideur, le statut de rĂ©fugiĂ© nâest accordĂ© quâaux demandeurs qui Ă©tablissent une crainte bien fondĂ©e de persĂ©cution en cas de retour dans leur pays d'origine. Au Canada, le plus important tribunal administratif indĂ©pendant, la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de rĂ©fugiĂ© du Canada (CISR), est chargĂ© dâentendre les demandeurs d'asile et de rendre des dĂ©cisions de statut de rĂ©fugiĂ©. Cette thĂšse cherche Ă comprendre les disparitĂ©s dans le taux dâoctroi du statut de rĂ©fugiĂ© entre les dĂ©cideurs de la CISR qui sont politiquement nommĂ©s.
Au regard du manque de recherches empiriques sur la maniĂšre avec laquelle le Canada alloue les possibilitĂ©s dâentrĂ©e et le statut juridique pour les non-citoyens, il Ă©tait nĂ©cessaire de lever le voile sur le fonctionnement de lâadministration sur cette question. En explorant la prise de dĂ©cision relative aux rĂ©fugiĂ©s Ă partir d'une perspective de Street Level Bureaucracy Theory (SLBT) et une mĂ©thodologie ethnographique qui combine l'observation directe, les entretiens semi-structurĂ©s et l'analyse de documents, l'Ă©tude a d'abord cherchĂ© Ă comprendre si la variation dans le taux dâoctroi du statut Ă©tait le rĂ©sultat de diffĂ©rences dans les pratiques et le raisonnement discrĂ©tionnaires du dĂ©cideur et ensuite Ă retracer les facteurs organisationnels qui alimentent les diffĂ©rences.
Dans la lignĂ©e des travaux de SLBT qui documentent la façon dont la situation de travail structure la discrĂ©tion et lâimportance des perceptions individuelles dans la prise de dĂ©cision, cette Ă©tude met en exergue les diffĂ©rences de fond parmi les dĂ©cideurs concernant les routines de travail, la conception des demandeurs dâasile, et la meilleure façon de mener leur travail. Lâanalyse montre comment les dĂ©cideurs appliquent diffĂ©rentes approches lors des audiences, allant de lâinterrogatoire rigide Ă lâentrevue plus flexible. En dĂ©pit des contraintes organisationnelles qui pĂšsent sur les dĂ©cideurs pour accroĂźtre la cohĂ©rence et lâefficacitĂ©, lâimportance de lâĂ©valuation de la crĂ©dibilitĂ© ainsi que lâinvisibilitĂ© de lâespace de dĂ©cision laissent suffisamment de marge pour lâexercice dâun pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire.
MĂȘme dans les environnements comme les tribunaux administratifs oĂč la surabondance des rĂšgles limite fortement la discrĂ©tion, la prise de dĂ©cision est loin dâĂȘtre synonyme dâadhĂ©sion aux principes de neutralitĂ© et hiĂ©rarchie. La discrĂ©tion est plutĂŽt imbriquĂ©e dans le contexte de routines d'interaction, de la situation de travail, de lâadhĂ©sion aux rĂšgles et du droit. MĂȘme dans les organisations qui institutionnalisent et uniformisent la formation et communiquent de façon claire leurs demandes aux dĂ©cideurs, le caractĂšre discrĂ©tionnaire de la dĂ©cision est par la nature difficile, voire impossible, Ă contrĂŽler et discipliner. Lorsqu'ils sont confrontĂ©s Ă l'ambiguĂŻtĂ© des objectifs et aux exigences qui sâopposent Ă leur pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire, les dĂ©cideurs rĂ©interprĂštent la dĂ©finition de leur travail et banalisent leurs pratiques. Ils formulent une routine de rencontre qui est acceptable sur le plan organisationnel pour Ă©valuer les demandeurs face Ă eux. Cette thĂšse montre comment les demandeurs, leurs tĂ©moignages et leurs preuves sont traitĂ©s dâune maniĂšre inĂ©gale et comment ces traitements se rĂ©percutent sur la dĂ©cision des rĂ©fugiĂ©s.In an era where international immigration is increasingly difficult and selective, refugee status constitutes a valuable public good that enables some non-citizens access and membership to the host country. Based on the discretionary judgment of the decision-maker, refugee status is only granted to claimants who establish well-founded fear of persecution if returned to their home country. Canadaâs largest independent administrative tribunal, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB), is charged to hear refugee claimants and make refugee status determinations. This dissertation investigates why significant disparities exist among IRBâs politically appointed decision-makersâ refugee status grant rates.
As little was known about the concrete ways Canada allocates opportunities for entry and legal status for non-citizens, lifting the blanket of administration was necessary. By exploring refugee decision-making from a Street Level Bureaucracy Theory (SLBT) perspective, and an ethnographic methodology that combined direct observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis, the study sought first to understand whether the variation in grant rates were a result of differences in decision-makersâ discretionary practices and reasoning and second to trace the organizational factors that foster variation.
In line with previous scholarship on SLBT that document how the work situation structure discretion and how individual views play in decision-making; this study demonstrates substantive differences among decision-makers in terms of their work routines, conceptions of refugee claimants and the best way to conduct their work. The analysis illustrates how decision-makers apply not a singular but a variety of approaches to the refugee hearing, ranging from rigid interrogation to the more resilient interview style. Despite clear organizational constraints on decision-makers that target to increase consistency and efficiency of refugee determinations, the significance of credibility-assessment and the invisibility of the decision-making space leave ample room for discretionary behavior.
Even in rule-saturated environments like administrative tribunals which extensively regulate discretion; decision-making hardly means neutral and hierarchical rule adherence. Instead discretion is nested within the context of interaction routines, work situation, rule adherence and law. It is inherently difficult if not improbable to control and discipline discretionary decision-making even in organizations that institutionalize and standardize training and communicate their demands clearly to decision-makers. When faced with goal ambiguity and with demands that they consider run against their discretionary authority, decision-makers reinterpret their job definition and routinize their practices. They formulate an encounter routine that is organizationally acceptable to assess the people in front of them. This dissertation illustrates how unevenly the claimants, their testimony and evidence are treated and how these treatments are reflected on the refugee decision
Fluoride and aluminum release from restorative materials using ion chromatography
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the amounts of fluoride and aluminum released from different restorative materials stored in artificial saliva and double-distilled water. Material and METHODS: Cylindrical specimens (10 x 1 mm) were prepared from 4 different restorative materials (Kavitan Plus, Vitremer, Dyract Extra, and Surefil). For each material, 20 specimens were prepared, 10 of which were stored in 5 mL artificial saliva and 10 of which were stored in 5 mL of double-distilled water. Concentrations of fluoride and aluminum in the solutions were measured using ion chromatography. Measurements were taken daily for one week and then weekly for two additional weeks. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests (
Eruption cysts : a series of 66 cases with clinical features
An eruption cyst (EC) is a benign, developmental cyst associated with a primary or permanent tooth. This paper presents 66 ECs in 53 patients who reported to 3 different centers in Turkey between 2014-2015. 53 patients (31 male, 22 female) with 66 ECs were diagnosed and treated over a 1-year period. The mean age of patients was 5.4 years (minimum 5 months, maximum 11 years). Clinical examination and periapical radiographs were used to establish diagnosis. Age, gender, site, history of trauma and type of treatment were recorded. Of the 66 ECs diagnosed in 53 patients, more than half (56.6%) were located in the maxilla, with the maxillary first primary molars the teeth most commonly associated with ECs (30.3%). Multiple ECs were diagnosed in 13 of the 53 patients. ECs had previously diagnosed in the primary dentition of 2 patients, 3 patients reported a history of trauma to primary teeth. In the majority of patients (46 cases, 86.8%), no treatment was provided, whereas surgical treatment was provided in the remaining 7 cases (13.2%). Eruption cysts are usually asymptomatic and do not require treatment;. however, if the cyst is symptomatic, it should be treated with simple surgical excision
Novel frameshift mutations in DSPP cause dentin dysplasia type II
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152795/1/odi13182.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152795/2/odi13182_am.pd