Feelings of guilt, shame, and forgiveness of the detainees and convicts in a psychiatric prisoner’s service

Introduction: In the present study, the purpose was to examine whether there is a difference in the feelings of guilt, shame, and forgiveness in prisoners who committed one or more crimes. Also, the relationship between the number of crimes involved, the diagnosis of existing or past psychiatric diseases, and demographic data was examined. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 107 inpatients in the prisoner’s ward. The demographic data forms Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Guilt and Shame Scale (GSS), and Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) were administered in the study. Results: A total of 107 people (51 people involved in one single crime and 56 people involved in more than one crime) were included in the study. The education level was lower in many crimes than in a single crime (p=0.032). Although the diagnosis of mood disorder was higher in the group that was involved in one single crime (36.6%), the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder was higher in the group that was involved in multiple crimes (41.9%). No differences were detected between the groups in terms of BAI (p = 0.903) and BDI (p = 0.557) scores. No differences were detected between the groups in terms of GSS (guilt and shame) and HFS scores (p values of 0.745 and 0.676, respectively). A positive correlation was detected between the BDI and BAI of all prisoners and the HFS-forgiveness subscale. A positive correlation was detected between the GSS-guilt and shame subscales and all subscales and the total score of HFS. Conclusion: The study showed that anxiety and depression are more common in individuals who were exposed to violence in childhood. It was considered that identifying the prisoners who were involved in the crime for the first time and who felt remorseful and guilty could prevent further crimes. Finally, it is considered that the rate of crime can be reduced by preventing childhood violence and providing psychiatric support to individuals with psychiatric symptoms in order to raise individuals who are mentally healthy and have a low tendency to harm

Reproducibility of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis is good, but influenced by the diagnostic style of pathologists

Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) applies specific diagnostic criteria to designate a monoclonal endometrial preinvasive glandular proliferation known from previous studies to confer a 45-fold increased risk for endometrial cancer. In this international study we estimate accuracy and precision of EIN diagnosis among 20 reviewing pathologists in different practice environments, and with differing levels of experience and training. Sixty-two endometrial biopsies diagnosed as benign, EIN, or adenocarcinoma by consensus of two expert subspecialty pathologists were used as a reference comparison to assess diagnostic accuracy of 20 reviewing pathologists. Interobserver reproducibility among the 20 reviewers provided a measure of diagnostic precision. Before evaluating cases, observers were self-trained by reviewing published textbook and/or online EIN diagnostic guidelines. Demographics of the reviewing pathologists, and their impressions regarding implementation of EIN terminology were recorded. Seventy-nine percent of the 20 reviewing pathologists' diagnoses were exactly concordant with the expert consensus (accuracy). The interobserver weighted kappa values of 3-class EIN scheme (benign, EIN, carcinoma) diagnoses between expert consensus and each of reviewing pathologists averaged 0.72 (reproducibility, or precision). Reviewing pathologists demonstrated one of three diagnostic styles, which varied in the repertoire of diagnoses commonly used, and their nonrandom response to potentially confounding diagnostic features such as endometrial polyp, altered differentiation, background hormonal effects, and technically poor preparations. EIN diagnostic strategies can be learned and implemented from standard teaching materials with a high degree of reproducibility, but is impacted by the personal diagnostic style of each pathologist in responding to potential diagnostic confounders

Regular Islamic prayers have different corpus callosum: a shape analysis study

Abstract Background Religious practices and experiences are thought to involve a variety of thoughts and behaviors, and various studies hypothesize the relationship between religion and changes in the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the corpus callosum (CC) of prayers by statistical shape analysis (SSA) and compare it with healthy ones who did not. Methods The study group consisted of 13 healthy people who pray regularly and the control group consisted of 14 healthy people who did not pray. Participants were scanned with a 1.5 T scanner and a high-resolution structural image of the entire brain was obtained with sagittal 3D spiral fast spin echo. In mid-sagittal images of each individual, the CC was marked using landmarks. The mean of 'Procrustes' points was calculated and shape deformations were evaluated using thin plate spline analysis. Results There was no significant difference between the CC area of prayers and controls. Maximum CC deformation was observed in the body and rostrum region markings during prayers. There was no significant difference in the other parameters of the individuals who performed regular prayers compared to the controls. Conclusions Corpus callosum analysis with SSA revealed differences between prayers and healthies. The study findings highlighted the abnormal distribution of white matter in the CC and the variable subregional nature of CC in prayers. The study findings showed that shape analysis could be a useful technique to show variations in the corpus callosum using MRI images

QT dispersion and P wave dispersion in schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: The difference between maximum QT (QTmax) and minimum (QTmin) on electrocardiography (ECG) is known as QT dispersion (QTd). An increase in QTd carries the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and subsequent death. P wave dispersion (Pd) shows the difference between maximum P (Pmax) and minimum P (Pmin). Prolonged P wave duration and an increase in Pd are a risk for irregular electrical transmission and atrial fibrillation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine QTd and Pd values which indicate atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia in schizophrenia patients with whom cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are seen at a higher rate than the general population. METHOD: The patient group consisted of 30 male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and receiving treatment either as inpatients or outpatients in the Mental Health and Diseases Hospital. The patient group had no other psychiatric, neurological or physical disease. The control group comprised 30 age-matched healthy males with no history of neurological, psychiatric, or physical disease. RESULTS: The cases in both groups were all males and there was no difference between the groups in respect of age. Corrected QTd was determined as 25.55 ± 13.18 (ms) in the control group and 54.26 ± 8.46 (ms) in the patient group (p < .001). Pd was determined as 36.22 ± 10.08 (ms) in the control group and 46.32 ± 5.87 (ms) in the patient group (p < .001). The differences in the values between the groups were statistically significant. DISCUSSIONS: The QTd and Pd values which show increased CVD risk were found to be significantly greater in schizophrenia patients than in the healthy control group. However, there is a need for further studies to determine whether this is a result of the nature of schizophrenia or the effect of the treatment drugs used. Thus, future studies could be planned to compare the QTd and Pd values of treated and untreated schizophrenia patients

Evaluation of depression comorbidity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis and treatment of the comorbid depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome could be effective on the reduction of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the depression comorbidity in OSAS patients grouped by Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). However, the previous studies on the presence of depression in OSAS reported inconsistent findings. It was considered that the differences between the findings could be due to methodological differences and it was planned to investigate the presence of depression with two methodologies in the same patient group and to compare the findings. METHODS: The study group included 101 individuals who were admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic with the complaints of snoring, diaphoresis history, daytime somnolence, fatigue, and headache and were hospitalized overnight to conduct polysomnography and diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Cases were grouped based on Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) scores. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Somnolence Scale (ESS) were applied to all cases. RESULTS: Patients with lower than 5 AHI score were considered as the simple snoring group (n = 20), those with an AHI score of 5–14.99 (n = 27) were considered as the patients with moderate OSAS and those with an AHI score of equal to or greater than 30 (n = 34) were considered as severe OSAS patients. The cases included in the study had a wide age range (between 22–61 years) and were mostly male (65.4% male; 34.65% female). Rates of the major depressive disorder according to HAM-D and BDI were 60.4% and 36.6%; respectively. The depression rates were higher in the moderate OSAS group according to the both evaluation methods (HAM-D and BDI), although this was not significant via BDI. Analysis of the ESS scores demonstrated that experienced severe daytime somnolence was seen in 52.5%, and analysis of the PSQI demonstrated that poor sleep quality was seen in 87.1% of the patients. According to the linear regression analysis only PSQI total score (p = 0.029) was found to be significant in determining BDI while ESS (p = 0.44) and PSQI total scores (p = 0.003) were found to be significant in determining HAM-D when ESS, AHI and PSQI were evaluated together. CONCLUSION: In patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, comorbid depression should be identified in order to achieve better results in treatment. However, the scales used to determine depression in OSAS patients could result in different findings due to methodological differences or the distribution of the tested symptoms. Considering this fact in the diagnosis of comorbid depression in OSAS is important to achieve an accurate diagnosis and commence an effective treatment

Determining of 4-6 Years Old Children of the Skills of Percpective Taking With and Without Inclusive Students in the Class

DergiPark: 516756tredThe purpose of the study, isthe identification of 4-6 years old children's perspective taking skills inpreschool with and without inclusive students. The research was conducted infour kindergartens in Bursa. A total of 200 students, including 100 childrenwith inclusive students in the class and 100 children with no inclusivestudents in the class. The test of the research were chosen as Perspective Taking Test for Children (PTC). As a result ofthe research, it was determined that there was no statistically significantdifference between the viewpoint acquisition skill of a class with a inclusivestudent and a class without a inclusive student. It has been determined thatthe ability of children to perspective taking is not differentiated by sex. Itwas determined that children's ability to perspective taking is lower forchildren aged four years than for age 5 and 6 years.Araştırmanıntemel amacı sınıflarında kaynaştırma öğrenci olan ve olmayan 4-6 yaşçocuklarının bakış açısı alma becerilerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma Bursa ilinde öncedenbelirlenen dört anaokulundaki 10 sınıfta yürütülmüştür. Sınıfında kaynaştırmaöğrencisi bulunan 100 çocuk, sınıfında kaynaştırma öğrencisi bulunmayan 100çocuk olmak üzere toplam 200 öğrenciye ‘Bakış Açısı Alma Becerisi Testi’uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda kaynaştırma eğitimi alan bir çocuğun bulunduğusınıftaki ile kaynaştırma eğitimi alan bir çocuğun bulunmadığı sınıftakiçocuklar arasında bakış açısı alma becerisi arasında istatistiksel olarakanlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı saptanmıştır. Çocukların bakış açısı almabecerilerinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşmadığı ve dört yaşındaki çocukların bakışaçısı alma becerilerinin, 5 ve 6 yaşa göre daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Cortical Thickness of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder

Aims: In the present study, it was hypothesised that compared to healthy control subjects, significant differences in the cortical thickness of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) region of the brain, which is relevant to both impulsivity and decision making, would be identified. Methods: The subject groups included in the study were composed of 15 individuals who met the criteria for alcohol use disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM 5) diagnostic criteria based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM 5 (SCID), and were admitted to the Firat University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry or were hospitalised, and 17 healthy control comparisons were made. The volumes of and cortical thickness of the OFC were measured in the subjects. Results: It was found that patients with alcohol use disorder had reduced volumes of the OFC bilaterally and a thinner cortical thickness of the same region bilaterally compared to those of the healthy control comparisons. Conclusions: Consequently, it is suggested that the OFC region of the brain appears to be statistically significantly smaller in patients with alcohol use disorder, both in terms of cortical thickness and volume, compared to healthy controls. Future research should focus on the status of these relationships longitudinally and should assess the causality of the association with the treatment response