Potential of winter cover crops and tillage for managing manure-based nutrient loading

Increased utilization of manure resulting from the expansion of the dairy industry has culminated in a soil nutrient surplus in southern Idaho. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of winter cover crops and tillage practice on nutrient cycling, yield, and overall forage quality under annual manure applications. The 2 x 4 split plot study (2015 -2021) consisted of main treatments of conventional (ConTill) vs minimal (MinTill) tillage, and secondary treatment combinations of (1) manure (M) vs no manure (NM) and (2) winter triticale ( X Triticosecale) (CC) vs fallow (NCC) for each tillage type. Corn (Zea mays) and triticale whole plant tissue were collected for annual yield, tissue concentrations, nutrient removal rates, and forge quality. CC reduced corn yields (-1.65 M/ha) while M increased triticale yield (+13.6 Mg/ha). For both forages, M had greater tissue P (+0.483 and +2.21 g/kg) and K (+4.18 and +19.91 g/kg) and reduced Ca (-0.60 and -0.54 g/kg). Corn with M had smaller Mg (-0.43 g/kg) and triticale had greater Mg (+0.22 g/kg). Forages with M removed greater N (+39.93 and +109.84 kg/ha), P (+12.98 and +21.18 kg/ha), and K (+99.81 and +187.48 kg/ha). Corn with M removed less Mg (-7.85 kg/ha) and Ca (-11.24 kg/ha) and triticale removed greater Mg (+6.06 kg/ha) and Ca (+10.00 kg/ha). For both forages, M removed greater Zn and Na. M had greater corn CP (+0.89%), EE (+0.16%), and ash (+0.41%), and less ADF (-0.84%) and starch (-0.74%). CC had greater corn ADF (+0.50%) and less starch (-0.76%). M had greater triticale DM (+0.23%), CP (+4.21%), ADF (+4.27%), aNDFom (+6.46%), and lignin (+0.68), but smaller starch (-0.13%) and WSC (-9.46%). Use of triticale as a winter cover crop has strong potential for adding significantly to annual nutrient removal rates but may require nutrient additions for adequate plant growth. Producers should carefully consider the trade-offs in soils with high nutrient status. Triticale may exhibit increased risk of excess tissue concentrations that can be detrimental to animal health when grown on manured soils, but can be mitigated through well-balance feed rationing

Ownership and control in a competitive industry

We study a differentiated product market in which an investor initially owns a controlling stake in one of two competing firms and may acquire a non-controlling or a controlling stake in a competitor, either directly using her own assets, or indirectly via the controlled firm. While industry profits are maximized within a symmetric two product monopoly, the investor attains this only in exceptional cases. Instead, she sometimes acquires a noncontrolling stake. Or she invests asymmetrically rather than pursuing a full takeover if she acquires a controlling one. Generally, she invests indirectly if she only wants to affect the product market outcome, and directly if acquiring shares is profitable per se. --differentiated products,separation of ownership and control,private benefits of control

New Results for the Correlation Functions of the Ising Model and the Transverse Ising Chain

In this paper we show how an infinite system of coupled Toda-type nonlinear differential equations derived by one of us can be used efficiently to calculate the time-dependent pair-correlations in the Ising chain in a transverse field. The results are seen to match extremely well long large-time asymptotic expansions newly derived here. For our initial conditions we use new long asymptotic expansions for the equal-time pair correlation functions of the transverse Ising chain, extending an old result of T.T. Wu for the 2d Ising model. Using this one can also study the equal-time wavevector-dependent correlation function of the quantum chain, a.k.a. the q-dependent diagonal susceptibility in the 2d Ising model, in great detail with very little computational effort.Comment: LaTeX 2e, 31 pages, 8 figures (16 eps files). vs2: Two references added and minor changes of style. vs3: Corrections made and reference adde

Measurement of the splashback feature around SZ-selected Galaxy clusters with DES, SPT, and ACT

We present a detection of the splashback feature around galaxy clusters selected using the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) signal. Recent measurements of the splashback feature around optically selected galaxy clusters have found that the splashback radius, rsp, is smaller than predicted by N-body simulations. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that rsp inferred from the observed radial distribution of galaxies is affected by selection effects related to the optical cluster-finding algorithms. We test this possibility by measuring the splashback feature in clusters selected via the SZ effect in data from the South Pole Telescope SZ survey and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter survey. The measurement is accomplished by correlating these cluster samples with galaxies detected in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data. The SZ observable used to select clusters in this analysis is expected to have a tighter correlation with halo mass and to be more immune to projection effects and aperture-induced biases, potentially ameliorating causes of systematic error for optically selected clusters. We find that the measured rsp for SZ-selected clusters is consistent with the expectations from simulations, although the small number of SZ-selected clusters makes a precise comparison difficult. In agreement with previous work, when using optically selected redMaPPer clusters with similar mass and redshift distributions, rsp is ∼2σ smaller than in the simulations. These results motivate detailed investigations of selection biases in optically selected cluster catalogues and exploration of the splashback feature around larger samples of SZ-selected clusters. Additionally, we investigate trends in the galaxy profile and splashback feature as a function of galaxy colour, finding that blue galaxies have profiles close to a power law with no discernible splashback feature, which is consistent with them being on their first infall into the cluster

Spelling dyslexia:a defict of the visual word form

A patient with spelling dyslexia read both words and text accurately but slowly and laboriously letter by letter. Her performance on a test of lexical decision was slow. She had great difficulty in detecting a 'rogue' letter attached to the beginning or end of a word--for example, ksong--or in parsing two unspaced words, such as applepeach. By contrast she was immune to the effects of interpolating extraneous coloured letters in a word, a manipulation that affects normal readers. Therefore it is argued that this patient had damage to an early stage in the reading process, to the visual word form itself