Here Today, Gone Tomorrow - Three Common Mistakes Courts Make When Police Lose or Destroy Evidence with Apparent Exculpatory

Part I of this Article examines the first question, what does it mean for evidence to have apparent exculpatory value? Part II of this Article answers the second question, when does Youngblood\u27s bad faith requirement apply in failure to preserve evidence cases? Part III then seeks to determine the substance of Youngblood\u27s bad faith requirement and identify the best approach to defining it. Ultimately, this Article argues that there are three common mistakes that courts make when applying Trombetta and Youngblood

Maclisp extensions

A common subset of selected facilities available in Maclisp and its derivatives (PDP-10 and Multics Maclisp, Lisp Machine Lisp (Zetalisp), and NIL) is decribed. The object is to add in writing code which can run compatibly in more than one of these environments

Evaluation of web search for the information practitioner

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to put forward a structured mechanism for web search evaluation. The paper seeks to point to useful scientific research and show how information practitioners can use these methods in evaluation of search on the web for their users. Design/methodology/approach – The paper puts forward an approach which utilizes traditional laboratory‐based evaluation measures such as average precision/precision at N documents, augmented with diagnostic measures such as link broken, etc., which are used to show why precision measures are depressed as well as the quality of the search engines crawling mechanism. Findings – The paper shows how to use diagnostic measures in conjunction with precision in order to evaluate web search. Practical implications – The methodology presented in this paper will be useful to any information professional who regularly uses web search as part of their information seeking and needs to evaluate web search services. Originality/value – The paper argues that the use of diagnostic measures is essential in web search, as precision measures on their own do not allow a searcher to understand why search results differ between search engines

Studies on the ability of light to counteract the inactivation action of ultraviolet radiation on plant viruses

Summary: Of seven plant viruses tested, all except tobacco mosaic showed the phenomenon of photoreactivation, i.e. plants exposed to visible light after inoculation with preparations partially inactivated by ultraviolet radiation produced more local lesions than plants kept in darkness. Five strains of tobacco mosaic virus, which differed widely in their pathogenicity and other properties, were tested, but none showed the phenomenon. Of the six viruses that did, potato × showed it much the most strongly, tomato bushy stunt and a tobacco necrosis virus the least; cabbage black ringspot, cucumber mosaic and tobacco ringspot were intermediate. Photoreactivation does not occur immediately after plants are inoculated. With irradiated preparations of potato virus X, most particles need about 30 min. to reach the state in which their ability to infect is affected by light; once in this state, exposure to daylight for 15 min. gives almost complete photoreactivation. Some irradiated particles respond to light of 80 f.c., but others need brighter light; no additional response occurs when light intensity is increased above 600 f.c. The sensitive state of potato virus X persists for about 1 hr. in plants kept in darkness, after which the particles seem to be permanently inactivated. With antibodies and enzymes, a constant amount of absorbed energy decreases the activity of a unit weight by a given fraction. This rule does not apply to plant viruses, which lose infectivity with less absorbed energy than the rule predicts. If viruses are more sensitive because they contain nucleic acid, their sensitivity is not a direct function of their content of nucleic acid. Potato virus X has the same nucleic acid content as strains of tobacco mosaic virus, but is inactivated by less absorbed energy and individual strains of tobacco mosaic virus also differ by factors of two in the amount of radiation needed to decrease their infectivity by a given fraction

Value and impact: New trends in evaluating library and information services

This paper presents some recent approaches to the evaluation of library/information services, focusing on those which try to assess the ‘real’ value and impact of the services. The question of evaluating the ‘real’ contribution of library and information services is a difficult one. Many services have relied on measuring activity - e.g. number of visits, number of documents supplied, number of accesses to digital materials – but this is never fully satisfactory. This presentation discusses some recent trends and methods for assessing the ‘true value’ of library / information services, and their impact on the work and life of their users. This will be done partly by reporting on the literature, partly by an account of evaluations carried out by the presenters. Particular emphasis will be placed on examples of methods for assigning an economic value to library services, for assessing the direct impact of information services on the work of their users, and for understanding how and why library services are valuable. Transferability of methods between sectors – national, special and public libraries – will also be highlighted

The components of abstracts: The logical structure of abstracts in the areas of materials science and technology and of library and information science

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine whether the logical structure of abstracts in the areas of materials science and technology and library and information science comply with the ISO 214 or IMRAD formats, while also suggesting guidelines for components of abstracts. Design/methodology/approach – In the first part of the research the components of abstracts are analysed. The results showed that not all the proposed structural elements are present in the abstracts. Therefore also the improved prototypes and recommended abstracts are developed to examine the satisfaction of readers with different forms of abstracts. According to the results of satisfaction of readers with different forms of abstracts, uniform guidelines for the components of abstracts in accordance with the IMRAD format are proposed. Findings – The introduction (I) should include three sentences of background information. The method (M) should include three sentences of method. The results (R) should include three sentences of results. The discussion (D) should include two sentences of conclusions. The conclusions should present the implications of the results on subjects that were not part of the study, suggestions for possible application of the findings, suggestions for further research work and an evaluation of the research. Originality/value – It is important to emphasize that even if the guidelines for writing abstracts by the individual journal exist, authors do not always take them into account. Therefore, it is important that the abstracts that are actually published in journals were analysed. It is also important that the opinion of researchers was taken into account

Being fluent and keeping looking

The complexities of the many concepts and models around information literacy are considered, and some personal views given as to how they may best be clarified, both theoretically and practically. A slightly adapted idea of the concept of information fluency can serve as a main general purpose for the promotion of information literacy, expressed as a more specific meta-model for the prevailing technological environment, and as still more specific components for a particular context. The focus of this relatively stable general formulation is on understanding, rather than skills or competences. It can incorporate the need for education, advice and counseling, as well as information provision, and with domain-specific literacies, as well as supporting personal information literacy

Superconducting properties of the In-substituted topological crystalline insulator, SnTe

We report detailed investigations of the properties of a superconductor obtained by substituting In at the Sn site in the topological crystalline insulator (TCI), SnTe. Transport, magnetization and heat capacity measurements have been performed on crystals of Sn$_{0.6}$In$_{0.4}$Te, which is shown to be a bulk superconductor with $T_c^{\rm{onset}}$ at $\sim4.70(5)$~K and $T_c^{\rm{zero}}$ at $\sim3.50(5)$~K. The upper and lower critical fields are estimated to be $\mu_0H_{c2}(0)=1.42(3)$~T and $\mu_0H_{c1}(0)=0.90(3)$~mT respectively, while $\kappa=56.4(8)$ indicates this material is a strongly type II superconductor

Information (and library) science at City University London; 50 years of educational development

The development of education for information and library science at City University London over a 50-year period is described in this article. The development of the Masters course in Information Science, and the later equivalent courses in Library Science and in Information Management in the Cultural Sector are described in detail, together with shorter-lived Masters courses in pharmaceutical and health information. The rationale for changes to the courses, and the influence of the professional and educational contexts, are analysed. Issues emerging from this analysis are discussed in seven themes: the nature of the discipline; the library/information spectrum; the student group; the academic/professional balance; curriculum design; local and global issues; and teaching methods. The discussions of the courses are set in the wider context of changes in library/information education over the period in the UK and worldwide