23 research outputs found
Le paysage lacustre par le prisme du tourisme : le cas du lac dâAiguebelette (Alpes, France)
Lâespace lacustre, oĂč interagissent des pratiques de loisirs et un environnement physique qui leur sert de support, permet dâĂ©clairer le rĂŽle du tourisme dans la configuration du paysage. Ă partir du cas du lac dâAiguebelette (Alpes françaises), cet article propose une analyse gĂ©ographique du paysage lacustre qui articule ses dimensions physiques et environnementales avec les pratiques et reprĂ©sentations associĂ©es Ă lâexpĂ©rience des lieux par le prisme du tourisme. Trois rĂ©sultats ressortent de cette Ă©tude : une cartographie des amĂ©nagements touristiques Ă partir dâun zonage du paysage dâinfluence lacustre ; une analyse spatiale des pratiques touristiques en fonction de la proximitĂ© au lac ; enfin, Ă partir de lâexpĂ©rience sensible des acteurs et usagers du territoire, on caractĂ©rise les axes de reprĂ©sentations et enjeux portĂ©s sur le paysage lacustre. Cette approche permet finalement dâidentifier la diversitĂ© des espaces, des pratiques touristiques et des expĂ©riences en lien avec lâenvironnement lacustre, Ă©largissant ainsi la perspective dâanalyse du paysage lacustre, en articulant ses dimensions sociĂ©tales et environnementales.The lake area, where leisure practices interact with the physical environment that supports them, allows to clarify the role of tourism in the landscape configuration. From the case of Lac dâAiguebelette (French Alps), this article proposes a geographic analysis of the lake landscape that articulates its physical and environmental dimensions with the practices and representations associated with the experience of places through the prism of tourism. Three results emerge from this study: first, we established a zoning of the landscape influenced by the lake based on a cartography of tourism infrastructures; a spatial analysis of tourism practices is then conducted according to the proximity to the lake; finally, interested in the sensitive experience of the lakeâs actors and users, we characterize the axes of representations and issues related to the lake landscape. This approach makes it possible to identify the diversity of tourism spaces, practices and experiences related to the lake environment, thus broadening the perspective of analysis of the lake landscape by articulating its societal and environmental dimensions
Scientistsâ Warning to Humanity: Rapid degradation of the world\u27s large lakes
Large lakes of the world are habitats for diverse species, including endemic taxa, and are valuable resources that provide humanity with many ecosystem services. They are also sentinels of global and local change, and recent studies in limnology and paleolimnology have demonstrated disturbing evidence of their collective degradation in terms of depletion of resources (water and food), rapid warming and loss of ice, destruction of habitats and ecosystems, loss of species, and accelerating pollution. Large lakes are particularly exposed to anthropogenic and climatic stressors. The Second Warning to Humanity provides a framework to assess the dangers now threatening the world\u27s large lake ecosystems and to evaluate pathways of sustainable development that are more respectful of their ongoing provision of services. Here we review current and emerging threats to the large lakes of the world, including iconic examples of lake management failures and successes, from which we identify priorities and approaches for future conservation efforts. The review underscores the extent of lake resource degradation, which is a result of cumulative perturbation through time by long-term human impacts combined with other emerging stressors. Decades of degradation of large lakes have resulted in major challenges for restoration and management and a legacy of ecological and economic costs for future generations. Large lakes will require more intense conservation efforts in a warmer, increasingly populated world to achieve sustainable, high-quality waters. This Warning to Humanity is also an opportunity to highlight the value of a long-term lake observatory network to monitor and report on environmental changes in large lake ecosystems
Evolution of the social-ecological systems of the great alpine lakes and their ecosystem services in response to pollution problems
Cette thĂšse de gĂ©ographie traite de lâĂ©volution des relations grands lacs - bassins versants - sociĂ©tĂ©, depuis les annĂ©es 1930. Cette thĂ©matique est abordĂ©e Ă travers les questions suivantes : Comment lâimpact des polluants sur lâĂ©tat des lacs a-t-il affectĂ© les activitĂ©s humaines liĂ©es ? Comment les dĂ©gradations et les diverses pressions responsables ont-elles Ă©tĂ© rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es ? Quelles rĂ©ponses de la sociĂ©tĂ© ces impacts ont-ils gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© ? Comment ont Ă©tĂ© mises en place les actions de restauration de la qualitĂ© des lacs ?Câest Ă lâensemble de ces questions que la thĂšse vise Ă rĂ©pondre en sâappuyant sur une analyse croisĂ©e de lâĂ©volution des socio-Ă©cosystĂšme (SSE) lacustres, des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE) associĂ©es et des pressions subies. La perspective opĂ©rationnelle est de rĂ©flĂ©chir Ă lâextension des systĂšmes dâobservations actuels des lacs aux composantes territoriales associĂ©s Ă ceux-ci.De longue date, les ressources fournies par les grands lacs alpins sont associĂ©es au fonctionnement des sociĂ©tĂ©s humaines qui se dĂ©veloppent Ă leurs pĂ©riphĂ©ries. Quatre domaines dâenjeux majeurs sont actuellement impliquĂ©s dans les problĂ©matiques liĂ©es Ă la proximitĂ© de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques : le tourisme, la pĂȘche, la ressource en eau et la biodiversitĂ©. Ces enjeux sont trĂšs dĂ©pendants de la qualitĂ© de lâĂ©cosystĂšme et de ses ressources naturelles, qualitĂ©s retrouvĂ©es (LĂ©man, Bourget) ou sauvegardĂ©es (Annecy), grĂące Ă des actions de maĂźtrise des pollutions provenant des bassins versants (BV). MenĂ©es depuis ces 60aines derniĂšres annĂ©es, ces actions ont permis dâenrayer les processus de dĂ©gradation observĂ©s dĂšs le dĂ©but du 20Ăšme siĂšcle, pĂ©riode Ă partir de laquelle les flux transfĂ©rĂ©s aux lacs depuis leurs BV se sont accrus sous lâeffet du dĂ©veloppement urbain, agricole et industriel.A court terme, de nouvelles menaces potentielles se profilent (urbanisation accrue des BV, micropolluants, changement climatique). Un dĂ©bat sur ces perspectives inquiĂ©tantes va sâengager. Ce dĂ©bat, amenĂ© Ă mobiliser un panel dâacteurs, mĂ©rite dâĂȘtre anticipĂ© par (1) un retour sur expĂ©rience, rĂ©trospective des relations lacs â BV - sociĂ©tĂ© dont se dĂ©gagera des connaissances et des modĂšles susceptibles de cadrer des prospectives, (2) dâun modĂšle qui facilite le dialogue entre science et sociĂ©tĂ©.A cet effet, nous avons fait lâhypothĂšse que le concept de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques est un outil pouvant aider au dialogue pour la gestion durable et intĂ©grĂ©e des Ă©cosystĂšmes lacustres. Pour ce faire, un des modĂšles les plus utilisĂ©s pour caractĂ©riser les SE (le modĂšle en cascade de Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010) a Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ© pour lâĂ©tude des grands lacs alpins et un cadre conceptuel appliquĂ© Ă lâĂ©tude des SSE des grands lacs a Ă©tĂ© produit (Baulaz et al, soumis). Le couplage de ces deux modĂšles permet de caractĂ©riser l'Ă©volution des bouquets de SE en rĂ©ponse aux problĂšmes de pollution pour semi-quantifier la fourniture et la demande en SE.Afin de consolider les Ă©tudes sur le long terme du systĂšme grand lac - BV - sociĂ©tĂ© et le soutien Ă une gestion adaptative, ces modĂšles ont facilitĂ© lâidentification de variables Ă©cologiques, socio-Ă©conomiques et techniques et leur organisation en un systĂšme d'observatoire. Leurs points forts sont (1) de proposer des typologies adaptĂ©es Ă la caractĂ©risation des interactions entre processus Ă©cologiques et/ou sociaux, (2) de dĂ©finir le rĂŽle et les limites des SE de rĂ©gulation de la qualitĂ© de lâeau et des milieux dans la fourniture de presque tous les SE des lacs, (3) de dĂ©montrer que lâĂ©volution des pratiques et techniques dâexploitation des SE conditionnent lâaccĂšs aux SE et doivent ĂȘtre prises en compte dans les suivis des lacs pour une application Ă la gestion.This thesis in geography deals with the evolution of the relationships between large alpine lakes / watersheds / society since the 1930s. This topic is addressed through the following questions: How have human activities been affected by the impacts of pollutions on the state of the lakes? How the degradations and various responsible pressures have been revealed? What responses from society tat impacts generated? How have actions been implemented to restore the quality of lakes?The study aims at answering all these questions based on a cross analysis of the evolution of the lacustrine social-ecological systems (SES), associated ecosystem services (ES) and pollutions. The operational perspective is to reflect on the extension of current observation systems of great lakes to the territorial components associated with them.For the longest time, the resources supplied by great alpine lakes are associated with the functioning of human societies which develop at their boundaries. Many societal challenges are actually involved in these aquatic ecosystem problematics: tourism, fishing, water resource and biodiversity. These issues depend on the quality of the ecosystem and its natural resources, quality which was recovered (Geneva lake, Bourget) or preserved (Annecy), thanks to watershed pollution management actions. On short term, new threats are arising and these worrying perspectives will engage a new debate. This debate, leading to the mobilization of a large body of stakeholders ought to be anticipated by 1/ a retrospective analysis of the interactions between great lakes and society whose knowledge and models likely to frame prospects, 2/ a model to facilitate dialogue between science and society.To this end, we made the assumption that the concept of ecosystem services is a tool that facilitate the dialogue for the sustainable and integrated management of lake ecosystems. To achieve this goal, one of the most widely used models for characterizing ES (the cascade model, Haines-Young and Potschin 2010) has been adapted for the study of large alpine lakes, and a conceptual framework applied to the study of Large Lakes SES has been produced. The coupling of these two models made it possible to characterize the evolution of SE bundles in response to pollution problems to semi-quantify the SE supply and demand.In order to consolidate long-term studies of the large lake - watershed â society systems and to support adaptive management, these models have facilitated the identification of ecological, socio-economic and technical variables and their organization into an observatory system. Their main assets are (1) to propose well-suited typologies to the characterization of the interactions between ecological and social processes, (2) to define the role and limits of the water and environment quality regulation ES in the provision of almost all of the lakes ES, (3) to demonstrate that the evolution of practices and techniques of ES exploitation, shape up the access to ES and must be considered in lake monitoring to management applications
Ăvolution des socio-Ă©cosystĂšmes des grands lacs alpins et leurs services Ă©cosystĂ©miques Ă l'Ă©preuve des pollutions.
My thesis deals with the evolution of the relationships between large alpine lakes, watersheds, and society since the 1930s. By referring to the disciplineof geography, the topic was addressed through the following questions: How have pollutants that affect lakes also impacted related human activities? How have human activities been affected by the impacts of pollutions on the state of the lakes and where? How have the degradations and various pressures been revealed? What responses from society arose following these impacts ? How have actions been implemented to restore the quality of lakes?The study aims at answering all these questions based on a cross analysis of the evolution of the lacustrine social-ecological systems (SES), associated ecosystem services (ES) and pollutions. The operational perspective is to consider extending the current observation systems of great lakes to the territorial components they are associated to.For the longest time, the resources supplied by great alpine lakes have been associated with the functioning of human societies, which develop at their boundaries. This cohabitation occured for millennia without exerting major pressures on ecosystems as a whole. However, eutrophication, a generalized pollution of aquatic environments, emerged in the 1950s. Large lake / watershed / society relationships then became a major concern, thus requiring the establishment of a global management of water bodies and the coordination of political and scientific stakeholders, and human activities.Since the end of the 20th century, large lakes uses have been threatened by a series of micropollutions. Four societal challenges are at the core of aquatic ecosystem management issues: tourism, fisheries, water resource and biodiversity. These issues depend on the quality of the ecosystem and its natural resources, quality which can be preserved (Annecy) or recovered (Geneva lake, Bourget) owing to watershed pollution management actions. Carrying out these actions over the past 60 years have allowed to curb the degradation processes observed from the beginning of the 20th century, a period from which the flows transferred to the lakes from their watershed increased under the effects of urban, agricultural and industrial development.On the short term, new threats are arising (e.g. increased urbanization of watershed, micro-plastics, climate change, changes in uses and over-frequentation of lakes and coastlines). These worrying perspectives will engage a new debate that will lead to the mobilization of a large body of stakeholders, and ought to be anticipated and prepared by a feedback on the evolution of the lake â watershed â society relationships. Through this retrospective analysis, novel knowledge and models will emerge and will likely facilitate the dialogue between science and society and frame prospects.Our reflection is a contribution to the creation of a new approach to the geographical study of lake territories, mobilizing the concepts of ES and SES as tools that can help the sustainable and integrated management of large lakes. To achieve this goal, one of the most widely used models for characterizing ES (the cascade model, Haines-Young and Potschin 2010) has been adapted to the study of large alpine lakes, and a conceptual framework applied to the study of large lakes SES has been produced.On the scientific level, methodologies are proposed to make the concepts of SE and SSE applicable to retrospective approaches, and to take into account the specificities of lake ecosystems, thus responding to the shortcomings well identified in the literature. The strengths of this research are that it (1) proposes well-suited typologies to the characterization of the interactions between ecological and social processes, (2) defines the roles and limits of the ES involved in water and environment quality regulation in the provision of almost all of the lakes ES, (3) demonstrates that the evolution of practices and techniques of ES exploitation shape up the access to ES and must be considered in lake monitoring to management applications.From an operational point of view, the coupling of these two concepts allows us to characterize the driving processes of the Great Lakes / BV / society relationships and thereby to structure the response to pollution threats. These concepts then invite to define the limits of the system, and to question the current observatories for monitoring of large lakes, which are centered on biophysical indicators (bioindication and hydrochemical flows). According to us, theses observatories should evolve into a more systemic and integrative approach, which would be better suited to respond to challenges at the crossroads of global warming and micropollutants impacts, and to anticipate future societal changes.Les lacs rendent dâinnombrables services Ă la sociĂ©tĂ©. Ils reprĂ©sentent lâune des plus importantes sources dâeau potable, constituent des lieux de production de ressources alimentaires, d'implantation des sociĂ©tĂ©s, de bien-ĂȘtre, spiritualitĂ© et de rĂ©crĂ©ation. Plus ces Ă©cosystĂšmes sont Ă©tendus, volumineux et riches en biodiversitĂ©, plus les bĂ©nĂ©fices quâen tire la sociĂ©tĂ© sont diversifiĂ©s et importants. Les grands lacs sont, de ce fait, tout particuliĂšrement investis par les populations humaines. Cependant, ces services dĂ©pendent trĂšs largement de lâĂ©tat des milieux aquatiques. La problĂ©matique des diffĂ©rentes formes de pollution affectant les grands lacs est dĂšs lors centrale, dans la mesure oĂč elle est intrinsĂšquement liĂ©e Ă la qualitĂ© et la quantitĂ© des services rendus par ces derniers.Les grands lacs alpins français fournissent des exemples pertinents dâĂ©cosystĂšmes dont lâĂ©volution est intimement liĂ©e Ă une succession de problĂ©matiques de pollutions â essais de restauration. L'Ă©volution de notre sociĂ©tĂ© et nos modes de vie ont entraĂźnĂ© un accroissement de l'attrait gĂ©nĂ©ral pour ces lacs, dĂ» en partie Ă la qualitĂ© des eaux et des milieux lacustres retrouvĂ©e (le LĂ©man, lac du Bourget) ou maintenue (lac dâAnnecy), fruit des investissements passĂ©s.Au cours du XXĂšme siĂšcle, les lacs LĂ©man, dâAnnecy et du Bourget ont connu plusieurs crises de pollutions qui ont fortement dĂ©gradĂ© la qualitĂ© de leurs Ă©cosystĂšmes et usages associĂ©s, au point de nĂ©cessiter la mise en place dâactions de gestion visant Ă restaurer un Ă©tat satisfaisant pour les activitĂ©s humaines. NĂ©anmoins, le succĂšs de la restauration des grands lacs alpins reste fragile et de nouvelles menaces se profilent : changement climatique, espĂšces invasives, polluants Ă©mergeants, micropolluants plastiques, intensification des loisirs nautiques, pĂ©riurbanisation galopante, perte et manque de ressources en eau, etc. Ces problĂ©matiques affectent la plupart des grands lacs dans le monde et font partie des principaux enjeux globaux des Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques. Elles surviennent dans un contexte d'Ă©cosystĂšmes probablement affaiblis par les effets cumulĂ©s des perturbations passĂ©es, un contexte historique et culturel spĂ©cifique mais aussi dâĂ©volutions des usages des lacs dont les impacts et les besoins en matiĂšre de qualitĂ© et quantitĂ© dâeau sont difficiles Ă prĂ©voir mais nĂ©anmoins toujours en croissance.GĂ©rer un grand lac suppose dâintĂ©grer une diversitĂ© de facteurs et composantes associĂ©s au lac et relevant autant des fonctionnements biophysiques et des flux qui en rĂ©sultent, que du fonctionnement de structures sociales, Ă©conomiques et institutionnelles. Une analyse en termes de trajectoire d'Ă©volution et de modĂ©lisation de ce systĂšme doit ĂȘtre menĂ©e, avec lâambition d'aider Ă la prise de dĂ©cision et Ă l'action des gestionnaires des milieux lacustres.Lâenjeu de cette recherche est de rĂ©aliser une synthĂšse des connaissances sur lâĂ©volution des relations sociĂ©tĂ©s - grands lacs depuis le dĂ©but du XXĂšme siĂšcle, en partant de lâhypothĂšse que les concepts de service Ă©cosystĂ©miques et de socio-Ă©cosystĂšmes peuvent aider au dialogue pour la gestion durable et intĂ©grĂ©e des Ă©cosystĂšmes lacustres. Notre rĂ©flexion est une contribution Ă crĂ©er une nouvelle approche dâĂ©tude gĂ©ographique des territoires limniques, mobilisant ces concepts en tant quâoutils dâanalyse des relations entre la nature et la sociĂ©tĂ© et dans une dĂ©marche opĂ©rationnelle
Exploration fonctionnelle du territoire des grands lacs alpins par le prisme des services écosystémiques
International audienceThe ecosystem service (ES) of the main ecosystem types such as forests, agrosystems and coral reefs are well-described, and specific methodologies have been proposed. Yet, few studies have focused on modelling the different categories of large lakes services. Lakes represent one of the most important sources of fresh water, setting up of the societies, provide spaces for fishing, leisure, physical and even spiritual well-being. The chosen approach here is essentially geographic, placing spatial issues and the analysis of relationships between water quality and ecosystem services at the heart of conceptual modelling. We have adapted one of the most used models to characterize services, the cascade model (Haines-Young and Potschin 2010), to the study of ES rendered by the French large Alpine lakes (Lake Annecy, Lake Bourget) and Lake Geneva. This model facilitates the identification and characterization of ecological, socio-economic and technical variables that modify the level of services provided by lakes, while highlighting the interactions, feedbacks and causal chains associating lakes to society. Our reflection is a contribution to the creation of a new approach to study âlimnic territoriesâ, by enlisting the ES concept as a tool of dialogue between science and society. The concept of ES immediately invites us to question the current observatory systems for large lakes monitoring. These systems are actually oriented towards biophysical indicators (bioindication and hydrochemical flows), yet could evolve into a systemic and integrated approach, which would be better suited to respond to major issues at the crossroads of global warming, micropollutants, and to anticipate future societal changes.Les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE) des grands types dâĂ©cosystĂšmes, comme les forĂȘts, agrosystĂšmes ou rĂ©cifs coralliens, ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©crits, avec la proposition de mĂ©thodologies spĂ©cifiques, mais peu dâĂ©tudes se sont intĂ©ressĂ©es Ă modĂ©liser les diffĂ©rents services des grands lacs. Les lacs reprĂ©sentent pourtant lâune des principales sources dâeau douce, constituent des lieux de pĂȘche, dâimplantation des sociĂ©tĂ©s, des espaces de loisirs et de bien-ĂȘtre.Dans le cadre de notre Ă©tude, lâapproche choisie est essentiellement gĂ©ographique, plaçant au cĆur de la modĂ©lisation conceptuelle la problĂ©matique spatiale et lâanalyse des relations entre la qualitĂ© de lâeau et les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Nous avons adaptĂ© Ă lâĂ©tude des SE rendus par les grands lacs alpins français (lac dâAnnecy, lac du Bourget) et le LĂ©man, lâun des modĂšles les plus utilisĂ©s pour caractĂ©riser les services : le modĂšle de la cascade (Haines-Young et Potschin 2010). Ce modĂšle facilite lâidentification et la caractĂ©risation des variables clefs Ă©cologiques, socio-Ă©conomiques et techniques qui modifient le niveau des services rendus par les lacs, tout en mettant en lumiĂšre les interactions, rĂ©troactions et chaĂźnes causales associant les lacs Ă la sociĂ©tĂ©. Notre rĂ©flexion est une contribution Ă crĂ©er une nouvelle approche dâĂ©tude des territoires limniques, mobilisant le concept de service Ă©cosystĂ©mique en tant quâoutil de dialogue entre sciences et sociĂ©tĂ©. Le concept de SE invite dans lâimmĂ©diat Ă questionner les observatoires actuels de suivi des grands lacs qui sont centrĂ©s sur des indicateurs biophysiques (bioindication et flux hydrochimiques) pour quâils Ă©voluent dans une approche plus systĂ©mique et intĂ©grĂ©e, mieux adaptĂ©e pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux croisĂ©s du rĂ©chauffement climatique, de lâimpact des micropolluants et pour anticiper les Ă©volutions sociĂ©tales Ă venir
Presentation of a comprehensive conceptual model for the governance of the great lakes
International audienc
Cartographie des services écosystémiques lacustres pour spécifier les aires concernées dans les limnosystÚmes des grands lacs alpins
International audienceThe objective of this article is to propose a mapping of the areas of supply and demand and the access modalities of three ecosystem services (ES) of two large alpine lakes: the Annecy and Bourget lakes. The chosen approach mobilizes the contributions of the limnologic geography in order to enrich a theorized mapping. Surveys carried out among users of the Annecy and Bourget lakes and the stakeholders involved in their management make possible to compare limnological processes with the practices of the beneficiaries of the services. This allowed the analysis of the spatial patterns of ES associated with fishing activities, drinking water and recreational and leisure activities. This approach highlights the spatial specificities of each ES and draws transversal lessons for their mapping and for the management of large Alpine lakes.This study reveals that the âES of supply of bio-resourcesâ of the large lakes spatialize according to lake ecological zonation and depends on certain hydrological parameters and the state of habitats. Others ES, like the âcultural ESâ are more influenced by the arrangements put in place to transport and host beneficiaries to the supply areas. Finally, the âES of water supplyâ and some âregulation ESâ do not have a strong spatial influence, but indirectly involve the maintenance of their state through significant restrictions on uses and land use planning throughout the watershed (WS). The result is that the management perimeter of each of these ES differs: confined to lake ecological habitats, this extended to the scale of the WS, or even to a scale exceeding the limits of the limnosystem. These results pave the way for a methodological discussion about the ES mapping in lacustrine context and a reflection to reorganize management in order to explore an evolution of the large lakes observatories to better fit to the current and future challenges linked to the changes of societies associated with the large lakes.Lâobjet de cet article est de proposer une cartographie des aires de fourniture, de demande et des modalitĂ©s dâaccĂšs de trois services Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE) majeurs de deux grands lacs alpins : les lacs dâAnnecy et du Bourget. La dĂ©marche choisie mobilise les apports de la gĂ©ographie limnologique pour enrichir une cartographie thĂ©orique. Elle se base sur des enquĂȘtes rĂ©alisĂ©es auprĂšs dâusagers et dâacteurs impliquĂ©s dans la gestion des lacs. Les informations rĂ©coltĂ©es sont traitĂ©es pour lâanalyse des liens entre les fonctionnements limnologiques et les pratiques des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires des services et pour rĂ©vĂ©ler les patrons spatiaux des SE. Cette approche met en avant les spĂ©cificitĂ©s spatiales de chaque SE et permet de dĂ©gager des enseignements en vue de leur cartographie et pour la gestion des grands lacs alpins. LâĂ©tude rĂ©vĂšle que les « SE dâapprovisionnement en bio-ressources » des grands lacs se spatialisent en fonction du zonage Ă©cologique lacustre et sont dĂ©pendants des conditions biophysiques (hydrologiques et lâĂ©tat des habitats). Les « SE culturels » en revanche sont surtout influencĂ©s par les amĂ©nagements mis en place pour acheminer et accueillir les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires dans les aires de fourniture. Enfin, le « SE dâapprovisionnement en eau potable » et certains « SE de rĂ©gulation » nâont pas une emprise forte spatialement dans le lac, malgrĂ© leur importance sociĂ©tale, mais le maintien de leur bon Ă©tat implique des restrictions fortes des usages et des amĂ©nagements dans lâensemble du bassin versant (BV). Le pĂ©rimĂštre de gestion de chacun de ces SE diffĂšre donc : cantonnĂ© aux habitats Ă©cologiques lacustres, Ă lâĂ©chelle du BV, voire Ă une Ă©chelle pouvant dĂ©passer les limites du limnosystĂšme. Ces rĂ©sultats servent de base Ă une discussion mĂ©thodologique sur la cartographie des SE, ses verrous en contexte lacustre et Ă une rĂ©flexion autour de la prise en compte de la spatialisation des SE dans la gestion et les observatoires opĂ©rationnels des grands lacs pour quâune place entiĂšre et formalisĂ©e soit donnĂ©e aux enjeux actuels et futurs liĂ©s aux changements sociĂ©taux
Un modÚle conceptuel intégré pour caractériser les effets des parcs éoliens en mer sur les services écosystémiques
International audienceOffshore wind farm development has become a key measure of energy transition in recent years. Coastal territories are particularly favorable to the development of offshore wind farms due to their high energy potential. However, these areas are also hotspots of biodiversity, provide attractive landscapes and are under strong anthropogenic pressures. Preserving and sharing the natural and cultural resources of coastal territories while intensifying renewable marine energies, represents one of the most important challenges for future management of coastal environments. Consequently, systemic models that consider all the effects of offshore wind farms on ecosystems and society are essential. Here, we propose a conceptual model for studying these effects, by mobilizing the concept of ecosystem service in a systemic and integrated assessment approach. To that aim, we reviewed the literature and compiled experts' knowledge in order to characterize the effects of offshore wind farms on food webs during the construction and operation phases. Then, we analyzed the contribution of trophic compartments on ecosystem functions, ecosystem services and beneficiaries, and how offshore wind farms modify the relationships between these compartments of the marine coastal social-ecological systems. Our approach helps identify the causal chains that generate the most important modifications in this system. This information could then be used to predict impacts of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services, and to suggest management trade-offs. This study reveals the need for further studies relating marine biodiversity to ecosystem services, and developing systemic approaches at different scales. The analysis of the effects of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services is crucial since it is linked to strong ecological, socioeconomic and political issues