L'Evaluation certificative et référentiel pour le baccalauréat en course à pied de durée : 5ème Compétence Culturelle des programmes de lycées (CC5)

L'ajout de la 5ème Compétence Culturelle (CC5), dans les programmes lycées (BO 30/08/2001), marque la reconnaissance scolaire d'un « savoir S'entraîner ». Le S' signifiant que l'élève s'entraîne lui-même, grâce aux interventions de l'enseignant visant à dévoluer des savoirs sur l'entraînement en vue du développement et de l'entretien de soi. Dès lors, s'est posée la question de l'évaluation certificative pour le baccalauréat et du référentiel à utiliser, sans dénaturer cette CC5

Effect of heavy metal contamination on the plasticity of kaolin-bentonite clay mixtures and an illite-smectite rich natural clay

The behaviour of soil is complex in a natural environment. Contamination of soil with organic and inorganic contaminants may change the properties of soil. Recent studies have shown that the heavy metal contaminants affect the plasticity and consolidation behaviours. However, little is known about the effects of heavy metals on the behaviour of different types of clay, especially how clay behaves when multiple heavy metals are present in clay. The paper will present results from tests on the effect of three different heavy metal ions used separately, and mixed together in combinations, on the liquid limit (wL), plastic limit (wP) and plasticity index (PI) of kaolin, bentonite, mixtures of kaolin and bentonite and reconstituted Lucera clay. It is found that plasticity index of bentonite is reduced significantly with the addition of heavy metals while PI increases slightly in kaolin. A 1:1 clay mixture of kaolin and bentonite showed significant reduction, while reconstituted Lucera clay has shown small reduction with the addition of heavy metals. It is found that at higher concentrations of copper and zinc cations, the effect takes reverse trend on the liquid limit of kaolin and similar behaviour was observed on the bentonite at higher concentrations of lead ion. Interestingly, lead ion exhibited a significant effect on the plasticity of bentonite when tested with NaCl solution as pore fluid

Caractéristiques des patients présentant une hyponatrémie sévère en service de médecine (épidémiologie, clinique, étiologies et évolution)

Introduction : L'hyponatrémie est le désordre hydroélectrolytique le plus fréquent et est associé à une morbi-mortalité importante. Objectif : Décrire les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques, étiologiques et l'évolution des patients présentant une hyponatrémie sévère dans un service de médecine. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective dans le service de médecine interne du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble. Tous les patients qui présentaient une natrémie < 120 mmol/l pendant leur hospitalisation dans le service de médecine interne entre le 1er janvier 2006 et le 31 mai 2012 ont été inclus. Les données cliniques et biologiques ont été recueillies. Les paramètres étudiés étaient l'âge, le sexe, le motif d'hospitalisation, la provenance du patient, les antécédents, le traitement à l'admission, le type d'hyponatrémie (à l'admission ou acquise durant l'hospitalisation), les symptômes, les mécanismes suspectés, les étiologies, l'évolution. Résultats : Soixante-douze patients ont été retenus. La prévalence des hyponatrémies < 120 mmol/l était de 0,53 %. Soixante-quatre patients venaient du domicile. L'âge médian était de 75,6 ans. L'hyponatrémie motivait l'hospitalisation pour 42 patients. La iatrogénie était l'étiologie la plus fréquente (41/72), avec en premier les associations antagonistes du système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone/diurétiques thiazidiques (11/72). L'évolution a été défavorable (transfert en réanimation ou décès) pour 18 patients. L'évolution était plus sévère pour les hyponatrémies acquises durant l'hospitalisation (p < 0,0001). Conclusion : Notre étude met en évidence le nombre important d'hyponatrémies sévères évitables.Introduction : Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disorder and is associated with high morbi-mortality. Aim : To describe epidemiological, clinical, aetiological characteristics and evolution in medical in-patients with severe hyponatremia in a medicine department. Methods : A retrospective study has been conducted in the internal medicine department of the University Hospital of Grenoble. All the patients who had serum sodium < 120 mmol/l during their hospitalisation in the internal medicine department between January 1st of 2006 and May 31st of 2012 were included. Clinical and biological data have been raised. Studied parameters were age, sex, purpose of hospitalisation, comorbidities, treatment at admission, type of hyponatremia (admission hyponatremia or hospital acquired hyponatremia), symptoms, suspected mechanisms, aetiologies, and evolution. Results : Seventy two patients were included. The prevalence of hyponatremia < 120 mmol/l was 0,53 %. Sixty four patients came from their home. Sex ratio was 1. Median age was of 75,6 years. Hyponatremia was responsible for hospitalisation in 42 patients. Iatrogeny was the first aetiology (41/72). The most frequent drug association was system renine angiotensine aldosterone antagonists and thiazide diuretics(11/72). Outcome was severe (transfer to intensive care unit or death) for 18 patients. Prognosis was more severe in patients who had developed hyponatremia during their stay at the hospital (p < 0,0001). Conclusion : Our study shows the large number of severe hyponatremia preventable.GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effect of particle size on the measurement of the apparent contact angle in sand of varying wettability under air-dried conditions

Changes in the wettability of soil are known to affect several processes such as infiltration and the shear strength of soil. In this study, the wettability of a medium to fine sand was chemically modified by using different concentrations of dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS). The sessile drop method (SDM) was used for the assessment of wettability of hydrophobised Leighton Buzzard Sand (LBS). The results demonstrate that beyond a concentration of 2 g per kg of LBS, the finer fraction had its apparent contact angle (ACA) increased up to 115° while the maximum ACA attained by the coarser fractions was 100°. At such high concentration of DMDCS, the effect of trapped air, which is known to increase the ACA, was found to be either small or insignificant. The standard deviations of the ACAs agreed well with past studies. The most important factors contributing to the water-repellent behaviour of chemically synthesised sand were attributed to the characteristics of the particles; these include surface area and particle shape

Pore changes in an illitic clay during one-dimensional compression

International audienceThe pore size, shape and orientation of an illite-dominant clay were mapped during one-dimensional compression, using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption. The total porosity was found to spread over the three International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classes of pores sizes: micropores (below 2 nm), mesopores (2–50 nm) and macropores (above 50 nm), and all three pore classes were observed during the compression. The clay structure is aggregated, with visible inter-aggregate pores (about 80% of the total porosity), and the remaining intra-aggregate pores of size approximately equal to the thickness of illite platelets (50–100 layers). During compression the largest pores first collapsed, followed by a progressive collapse, in an orderly manner, of smaller and smaller pores. MIP data suggest that the macroscopic deformation mainly translates at the pore scale into changes of inter-aggregate porosity, while intra-aggregate pores spread over the micro- to mesopore size range. Gas adsorption tests show that the volume of intra-aggregate pores decreases with loading, probably due to rearrangement of particles composing the aggregates, while the specific surface area reduces. Examination of the pores’ orientation on both vertical and horizontal planes confirms a preferential orientation of pores normal to the loading direction, with a gradual flattening of the pores

Small-strain shear stiffness anisotropy of a saturated clayey loess

The mechanical behaviour of clayey loess is strongly affected by the soil structure, but although anisotropy has been identified in loess by some, the anisotropy of small-strain behaviour is rarely reported. This paper presents an experimental study on the inherent and stress-induced small-strain shear stiffness anisotropy of a clayey loess from China. Both undisturbed and reconstituted specimens were tested with bender elements under isotropic compression and shearing conditions. Under an isotropic stress state, an inherent anisotropy was found for undisturbed specimens, while the reconstituted specimens prepared by moist tamping behaved isotropically. During shearing, the ratio of horizontal to vertical shear moduli of the undisturbed specimens decreased due to both an increase of stress anisotropy and the destruction of the intact structure. In contrast, the stiffness ratio of the reconstituted specimens only decreased due to stress anisotropy and it became more anisotropic at the critical state. This study reveals the influence of intact structure and inherent anisotropy on the behaviour of loess soils, which cannot be reproduced by compaction, thus highlighting the importance of characterising the undisturbed loess

Cophylogeny Reconstruction via an Approximate Bayesian Computation

International audienceDespite an increasingly vast literature on cophylogenetic reconstructions for studying host-parasite associations, understanding the common evolutionary history of such systems remains a problem that is far from being solved. Most algorithms for host-parasite reconciliation use an event-based model, where the events include in general (a subset of) cospeciation, duplication, loss, and host-switch. All known parsimonious event-based methods then assign a cost to each type of event in order to find a reconstruction of minimum cost. The main problem with this approach is that the cost of the events strongly influences the reconciliation obtained.To deal with this problem, we developed an algorithm, called Coala, for estimating the frequency of the events based on an approximate Bayesian computation approach. The benefits of this method are twofold: (1) it provides more confidence in the set of costs to be used in a reconciliation, and (2) it allows estimation of the frequency of the events in cases where the dataset consists of trees with a large number of taxa.We evaluate our method on simulated and on biological datasets. We show that in both cases, for the same pair of host and parasite trees, different sets of frequencies for the events lead to equally probable solutions. Moreover, often these solutions differ greatly in terms of the number of inferred events. It appears crucial to take this into account before attempting any further biological interpretation of such reconciliations. More generally, we also show that the set of frequencies can vary widely depending on the input host and parasite trees. Indiscriminately applying a standard vector of costs may thus not be a good strategy

Evaluating antibiotic stewardship and healthcare-associated infections surveillance assisted by computer: protocol for an interrupted time series study

International audienceIntroduction Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing health threats that mankind faces now and in the coming decades. Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality. In order to tackle antibiotic resistance, we will implement in our tertiary care university hospital a computerised-decision support system (CDSS) facilitating antibiotic stewardship and an electronic surveillance software (ESS) facilitating infection prevention and control activities. We describe the protocol to evaluate the impact of the CDSS/ESS combination in adult inpatients. Methods and analysis We conduct a pragmatic, prospective, single-centre, before–after uncontrolled study with an interrupted time-series analysis 12 months before and 12 months after the introduction of the CDSS for antibiotic stewardship (APSS) and ESS for infection surveillance (ZINC). APSS and ZINC will assist, respectively, the antibiotic stewardship and the infection prevention and control teams of Nancy University Hospital (France). We will evaluate the impact of the CDSS/ESS on the antibiotic use in adult (≥18 years) inpatients (hospitalised ≥48 hours). The primary outcome is the prescription rate by all healthcare professionals from the hospital of all systemic antibiotics expressed in defined daily doses/1000 patients/month. Concurrently, we will assess the safety of the intervention, its impact on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions and on additional precautions (isolation precautions) as recommended in guidelines, and on bacterial epidemiology (multidrug-resistant bacteria and Clostridioides difficile infections) in the hospital. Finally, we will evaluate the users’ satisfaction and the cost of this intervention from the hospital perspective. Ethics and dissemination The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nancy University Hospital and registered on the ClinicalTrials platform. Results will be disseminated through conferences’ presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT04976829