2,592 research outputs found
The discrete dynamics of small-scale spatial events: agent-based models of mobility in carnivals and street parades
Small-scale spatial events are situations in which elements or objects vary in such away that temporal dynamics is intrinsic to their representation and explanation. Someof the clearest examples involve local movement from conventional traffic modelingto disaster evacuation where congestion, crowding, panic, and related safety issue arekey features of such events. We propose that such events can be simulated using newvariants of pedestrian model, which embody ideas about how behavior emerges fromthe accumulated interactions between small-scale objects. We present a model inwhich the event space is first explored by agents using ?swarm intelligence?. Armedwith information about the space, agents then move in an unobstructed fashion to theevent. Congestion and problems over safety are then resolved through introducingcontrols in an iterative fashion and rerunning the model until a ?safe solution? isreached. The model has been developed to simulate the effect of changing the route ofthe Notting Hill Carnival, an annual event held in west central London over 2 days inAugust each year. One of the key issues in using such simulation is how the processof modeling interacts with those who manage and control the event. As such, thischanges the nature of the modeling problem from one where control and optimizationis external to the model to one where this is intrinsic to the simulation
Cities: Continuity, transformation and emergence
Book synopsis: This book applies ideas and methods from the complexity perspective to key concerns in the social sciences, exploring co-evolutionary processes that have not yet been addressed in the technical or popular literature on complexity. \ud
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Authorities in a variety of fields â including evolutionary economics, innovation and regeneration studies, urban modelling and history â re-evaluate their disciplines within this framework. The book explores the complex dynamic processes that give rise to socio-economic change over space and time, with reference to empirical cases including the emergence of knowledge-intensive industries and decline of mature regions, the operation of innovative networks and the evolution of localities and cities. Sustainability is a persistent theme and the practicability of intervention is examined in the light of these perspectives. \ud
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Specialists in disciplines that include economics, evolutionary theory, innovation, industrial manufacturing, technology change, and archaeology will find much to interest them in this book. In addition, the strong interdisciplinary emphasis of the book will attract a non-specialist audience interested in keeping abreast of current theoretical and methodological approaches through evidence-based and practical examples
Representing multifunctional cities: density and diversity in space and time
In this paper, we define measures of urban diversity, density and segregation using newdata and software systems based on GIS. These allow us to visualise the meaning of themultifunctional city. We begin with a discussion of how cities have become moresegregated in their land uses and activities during the last 200 years and how the currentfocus is on reversing this trend through limiting urban sprawl and bringing new lifeback to the inner and central city. We define various indices which show how diversityand density manifest themselves spatially. We argue that multifunctionalism is a relativeconcept, dependent upon the spatial and temporal scale that we use to think about themixing and concentration of urban land uses. We present three examples using spatiallysmoothed indicators of diversity: for a world city ? London, for a highly controlledpolycentric urban region ? Randstad Holland, and for a much more diffusely populatedsemi-urban region ? Venice-Padua-Teviso. We conclude by illustrating that urbandiversity varies as people engage in different activities associated with different landuses throughout the day, as well as through the vertical, third dimension of the city. Thisimpresses the point that we need to understand multifunctional cities in all theirdimensions of space and time
The Network Analysis of Urban Streets: A Primal Approach
The network metaphor in the analysis of urban and territorial cases has a
long tradition especially in transportation/land-use planning and economic
geography. More recently, urban design has brought its contribution by means of
the "space syntax" methodology. All these approaches, though under different
terms like accessibility, proximity, integration,connectivity, cost or effort,
focus on the idea that some places (or streets) are more important than others
because they are more central. The study of centrality in complex
systems,however, originated in other scientific areas, namely in structural
sociology, well before its use in urban studies; moreover, as a structural
property of the system, centrality has never been extensively investigated
metrically in geographic networks as it has been topologically in a wide range
of other relational networks like social, biological or technological. After
two previous works on some structural properties of the dual and primal graph
representations of urban street networks (Porta et al. cond-mat/0411241;
Crucitti et al. physics/0504163), in this paper we provide an in-depth
investigation of centrality in the primal approach as compared to the dual one,
with a special focus on potentials for urban design.Comment: 19 page, 4 figures. Paper related to the paper "The Network Analysis
of Urban Streets: A Dual Approach" cond-mat/041124
Reaction Time and Mortality from the Major Causes of Death:The NHANES-III Study
Studies examining the relation of information processing speed, as measured by reaction time, with mortality are scarce. We explored these associations in a representative sample of the US population
Estimating public transport congestion in UK urban areas with open transport models
Operational urban transport models require to gather heterogeneous sets of data and often integrate different sub-models. Their systematic validation and reproducible application therefore remains problematic. We propose in this contribution to build transport models from the bottom-up using scientific workflow systems with open-source components and data. These open models are aimed in particular at estimating congestion of public transport in all UK urban areas. This allows us building health indicators related to public transport density in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, and testing related policies
Random planar graphs and the London street network
In this paper we analyse the street network of London both in its primary and
dual representation. To understand its properties, we consider three idealised
models based on a grid, a static random planar graph and a growing random
planar graph. Comparing the models and the street network, we find that the
streets of London form a self-organising system whose growth is characterised
by a strict interaction between the metrical and informational space. In
particular, a principle of least effort appears to create a balance between the
physical and the mental effort required to navigate the city
Antiproton-deuteron annihilation at low energies
Recent experimental studies of the antiproton-deuteron system at low energies
have shown that the imaginary part of the antiproton-deuteron scattering length
is smaller than the antiproton-proton one. Two- and three-body systems with
strong annihilation are investigated and a mechanism explaining this unexpected
relation between the imaginary parts of the scattering lengths is proposed.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, to be published in The European Physical Journal
Analysis of bulk and surface contributions in the neutron skin of nuclei
The neutron skin thickness of nuclei is a sensitive probe of the nuclear
symmetry energy having multiple implications for nuclear and astrophysical
studies. However, precision measurements of this observable are difficult. The
analysis of the experimental data may imply some assumptions about the bulk or
surface nature of the formation of the neutron skin. Here, we study the bulk or
surface character of neutron skins of nuclei following from calculations with
Gogny, Skyrme, and covariant nuclear mean-field interactions. These
interactions are successful in describing nuclear charge radii and binding
energies but predict different values for neutron skins. We perform the study
by fitting two-parameter Fermi distributions to the calculated self-consistent
neutron and proton densities. We note that the equivalent sharp radius is a
more suitable reference quantity than the half-density radius parameter of the
Fermi distributions to discern between the bulk and surface contributions in
neutron skins. We present calculations for nuclei in the stability valley and
for the isotopic chains of Sn and Pb.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure
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