Molecular profiling and genomic microarrays in prostate cancer

In the present review article a global approach regarding the usefulness of genomic microarrays in prostate cancer management, is attempted. Cancer is a multistep process of mutations in key regulatory genes and epigenetic alterations that result in loss of balanced gene expression. A complete knowledge of the interaction between the genetic variability of the neoformation (tumor profiling) and the genetic variability of the host (inherited genome profiling), will be able to determine the better strategy against the cancer and the less toxicity for the patient. Alterations in the sequence of the hormone binding domain of the androgen receptor as well as mutations in some genes, determine radioresistance and resistance or sensitivity to some chemotherapeutic drugs. New therapies using monoclonal antibodies directed against specific extracellular binding domains of some receptors are based on molecular alterations observed in tumors.В обзоре обсуждается целесообразность применения геномных микрочипов для выявления рака предстательной железы. Рак является многоэтапным процессом мутаций в ключевых регуляторных генах и эпигенетических изменений, приводящих к утрате сбалансированной экспрессии генов. Фундаментальные знания о взаимосвязи между генетической вариабельностью опухолевых клеток (молекулярном профиле опухоли) и генетической вариабельностью хозяина (наследуемый геномный профиль) позволит выбрать наилучшую стратегию противоопухолевой терапии при низкой токсичности таковой. Изменения последовательности гормонсвязывающего домена рецептора андрогена наряду с мутациями некоторых генов определяют устойчивость к лучевой терапии и устойчивость или чувствительность к ряду химиопрепаратов. Новые виды терапии с использованием моноклональных антител против специфичных внеклеточных связывающих доменов ряда рецепторов основаны на данных о молекулярных особенностях новообразований

The role of cadherin/catenin complex in malignant melanoma

In the present review article the role of cadherin/catenin complex in cases of malignant melanoma is discussed in some detail. Cadherins represent the most important superfamily of adhesion molecules with epithelial E-cadherin being the most studied. Its role in normal state as well as in cancer invasion and metastasis and some other pathologies is crucial. E-cadherin expression is altered in malignant melanomas and its downregulation or absence is associated with melanoma invasion and metastasis potential. A shift from E-cadherin expression to neural N-cadherin expression in melanocytes is also detected in malignant melanomas formation. In addition, a discussion regarding the role of placental P-cadherin and vascular endothelial VE-cadherin as well as the recently identified molecule of dysadherin, is attempted in brief.В обзоре обсуждается роль кадгерин/катенинового комплекса при злокачественной меланоме. Кадгерины представляют собой суперсемейство адгезивных молекул, среди которых наиболее изучен эпителиальный кадгерин (E-кадгерин), выполняющий ключевую роль в норме и при инвазивном опухолевом росте и метастазировании. В ткани злокачественных меланом уровень экспрессии E-кадгерина изменен, его снижение или отсутствие связано с инвазивным ростом и метастазированием опухоли. При образовании злокачественных меланом в меланоцитах отмечают замену экспрессии E-кадерина на таковую неврального кадгерина (N-кадгерина). Кроме того, коротко обсуждается роль плацентарного кадгерина (P-кадгерина), эндотелиального кадгерина сосудов (VE-кадерина) и недавно идентифицированного дисадгерина

Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: a case report and review of the literature

Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a distinctive variant of fibrosarcoma with a high metastasizing potential and sometimes long interval between tumour presentation and metastasis. We present the case of a 50-year-old male who developed a large mass in the posterior aspect of his lower left thigh. The tumor was excised with preservation of the neurovascular structures surrounded by the mass. The tumour measured 11 × 10 × 9 cm and on pathology evaluation was diagnosed as LGFMS. Due to the relative rarity of LGFMS, there is no dedicated protocol regarding follow-up recommendations. In order to early diagnose possible metastasis it is important to inform the patients about the longstanding metastatic potential of the disease

The role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in head and neck cancer

The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily of adhesion molecules expressed in multiple human tissues and participating in various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes of the human body. The alterations in the expression of ICAM-1 in the various types of the cancer of the head and neck are discussed in this mini-review following the existing status from the current literature. Possible applications of this developing knowledge in the diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck cancer are briefly mentioned.Молекулы межклеточной адгезии (ICAM-1), являющиеся продуктом гена — члена суперсемейства генов иммуноглобулинов, экспрессированы в клетках многих тканей человека и принимают участие в ряде физиологических и патофизиологических процессов. В мини-обзоре обобщены последние данные доступной литерату ры об изменении уровня экспрессии IG4M-1 при раке головы и шеи. а также обсуждены возможности применения знаний о молекулах адгезии в области диагностики и прогноза заболевания

Invasive cervical cancer following treatment of pre-invasive lesions: A potential theory based on a small case series

Peer reviewe

Adenosquamous carcinoma of breast in a 19 years old woman: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast is a rare form of metaplastic breast carcinoma. We report such a case in a 19 years old female.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>Case notes and histopathology were reviewed. Adenosquamous carcinoma was diagnosed on wide local excision and patient underwent skin-sparing mastectomy with Latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast is a rare form of metaplastic breast carcinoma. Data on correct management, follow-up and prognosis are very limited but given the high potential for local recurrence, aggressive surgery may be the only option.</p

Organising Support for Carers of Stroke Survivors (OSCARSS): a cluster randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Investigated clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a person-centred intervention for informal carers/caregivers of stroke survivors. DESIGN: Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) with economic and process evaluation. SETTING: Clusters were services, from a UK voluntary sector specialist provider, delivering support primarily in the homes of stroke survivors and informal carers. PARTICIPANTS: Adult carers in participating clusters were referred to the study by cluster staff following initial support contact. INTERVENTIONS: Intervention was the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool for Stroke: a staff-facilitated, carer-led approach to help identify, prioritise and address the specific support needs of carers. It required at least one face-to-face support contact dedicated to carers, with reviews as required. Control was usual care, which included carer support (unstructured and variable). OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants provided study entry and self-reported outcome data by postal questionnaires, 3 and 6 months after first contact by cluster staff. PRIMARY OUTCOME: 3-month caregiver strain (Family Appraisal of Caregiving Questionnaire, FACQ). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: FACQ subscales of caregiver distress and positive appraisals of caregiving, mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and satisfaction with stroke services (Pound). The economic evaluation included self-reported healthcare utilisation, intervention costs and EQ-5D-5L. RANDOMISATION AND MASKING: Clusters were recruited before randomisation to intervention or control, with stratification for size of service. Cluster staff could not be masked as training was required for participation. Carer research participants provided self-reported outcome data unaware of allocation; they consented to follow-up data collection only. RESULTS: Between 1 February 2017 and 31 July 2018, 35 randomised clusters (18 intervention; 17 control) recruited 414 cRCT carers (208 intervention; 206 control). Study entry characteristics were well balanced. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: intention-to-treat analysis for 84% retained participants (175 intervention; 174 control) found mean (SD) FACQ carer strain at 3 months to be 3.11 (0.87) in the control group compared with 3.03 (0.90) in the intervention group, adjusted mean difference of -0.04 (95% CI -0.20 to 0.13). Secondary outcomes had similarly small differences and tight CIs. Sensitivity analyses suggested robust findings. Intervention fidelity was not achieved. Intervention-related group costs were marginally higher with no additional health benefit observed on EQ-5D-5L. No adverse events were related to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was not fully implemented in this pragmatic trial. As delivered, it conferred no clinical benefits and is unlikely to be cost-effective compared with usual care from a stroke specialist provider organisation. It remains unclear how best to support carers of stroke survivors. To overcome the implementation challenges of person-centred care in carers' research and service development, staff training and organisational support would need to be enhanced. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN58414120