Independência funcional em pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico

PURPOSE: This study has described and analysed the functional independence of the patients served in the haemodialysis services of a countryside town in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). METHOD: The population considered was that of 214 patients being treated with haemodialysis, assessed in 2011, by means of a social, demographic and clinical report, a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and also the FIM. RESULTS: The mean age of the population under study was 58.01 years, while the mean FIM point score was 118.38 points, showing a level of complete or modified independence within this population. Even though the level of dependence found has been low, this can be highlighted, within the locomotion domain, in the activity of going up and down stairs (10.28%). Age, complications arising from haemodialysis, and comorbidities show a negative correlation with FIM. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the level of functional independence of the patients being subjected to treatment with haemodialysis is essential in order to back up intervention for the improvement of nursing assistance provided to this population.OBJETIVO: este estudio describió y analizó la independencia funcional de los pacientes atendidos en los servicios de hemodiálisis de una ciudad del interior paulista, según la Medida de Independencia Funcional (MIF). MÉTODO: la población fue de 214 pacientes en tratamiento de hemodiálisis, evaluados en 2011, por medio de un cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico, Mini examen del Estado Mental y MIF. RESULTADOS: la edad Media de la población del estudio fue de 58,01 años y la media de la MIF fue de 118,38 puntos, evidenciando un nivel de independencia completa o modificada de esa población. Mismo habiendo sido bajo el nivel de dependencia encontrado, se destacó en el dominio locomoción, en la actividad ascender y bajar escaleras (10,28%). La edad, complicaciones relacionadas a la hemodiálisis y mortalidades presentaron correlación negativa con la MIF. CONCLUSIÓN: conocer el nivel de independencia funcional de los pacientes en tratamiento hemodiálisis es primordial para subvencionar intervenciones para la mejoría de la asistencia de enfermería prestada la esa población.OBJETIVO: este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar a independência funcional dos pacientes atendidos nos serviços de hemodiálise, de uma cidade do interior paulista, segundo a Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF). MÉTODO: a população foi de 214 pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico, avaliados em 2011, por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e clínico, Miniexame do Estado Mental e MIF. RESULTADOS: a idade média da população do estudo foi de 58,01 anos e a média da MIF foi de 118,38 pontos, evidenciando nível de independência completa ou modificada dessa população. Mesmo tendo sido baixo o nível de dependência encontrado, essa dependência destacou-se no domínio locomoção, na atividade subir e descer escadas (10,28%). A idade, complicações relacionadas à hemodiálise e comorbidades apresentaram correlação negativa com a MIF. CONCLUSÃO: conhecer o nível de independência funcional dos pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico é primordial para subsidiar intervenções para a melhoria da assistência de enfermagem prestada a essa população

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file