Globalização financeira e a dívida pública brasileira: o endividamento nas décadas de 1970 e 1990

This paper aims, through a literature review, to relate the internationalizing of the finances with both high indebting processes which Brazil passed on the 1970s and 1990s. It was found relation between the Eurodollars and petrodollars with the indebting of the 1970s, that was mostly foreign. In relation to the 1990s, the high interest rate intended to attract international capitals was responsible for the process of indebting, this time internal. It’s possible to say that both indebting processes are narrowly related to the changes in the international economy and the first indebtedness enabled the second. The difficulties resulting from the debt of the 70s were progressively setting Brazil in submissive position in the international framework in relation to its economic policies forcing it to accept an unprecedented opening, whose cost was the second debt.Este trabalho busca, através de revisão de literatura, relacionar o processo de mundialização das finanças e os dois momentos de maior endividamento público brasileiro, ocorridos nas décadas de 1970 e 1990. Encontrou-se relação dos eurodólares e petrodólares com o endividamento da década de 1970, que foi majoritariamente externo. Em relação à década de 1990, os juros elevados para atrair os capitais internacionais foram os responsáveis pelo processo de endividamento, sendo este em grande parte interno. É possível afirmar que ambos endividamentos estão estreitamente relacionados com as mudanças na economia internacional e que o primeiro endividamento acabou por viabilizar o segundo. As dificuldades resultantes do endividamento dos anos 70 foram, progressivamente, colocando o Brasil em posição submissa no quadro internacional em relação às suas políticas econômicas forçando-o a aceitar uma abertura sem precedentes, cujo custo foi o segundo endividamento

Reparo transcateter da valva mitral com uso de Mitraclip – revisão sistemática/ Transcateter repair of the mitral valve with the use of Mitraclip - systematic review

Objetivo: Mapear o emprego do reparo transcateter da valva mitral (RTVM) com MitraClip no tratamento de pacientes portadores de doença valvar mitral não elegíveis ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional. Materiais e Métodos: Conduzimos um estudo de revisão de caráter descritivo e analítico cuja seleção foi feita entre março e abril de 2020, tendo sido coletados artigos de revisão, meta-análises e ensaios clínicos randomizados por meio da busca dos termos “MitraClip”; “Disfunção mitral”, “Mitral dysfunction”, “Sobrevida” e “Survival” nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) Brasil, Medline, BRISA/RedTESA, Lilacs e PubMed. Resultados: Ao todo 26 publicações foram contempladas e foi verificado que o RTVM é mais frequentemente realizado em idosos do sexo masculino em sua oitava década de vida, portadores de comorbidades cardiovasculares e com nível moderado ou alto de regurgitação mitral (RM). Conforme nossa análise, o RTVM com MitraClip apresenta segurança, eficácia e durabilidade bem definidas. A técnica é comprovadamente superior ao tratamento medicamentoso exclusivo, apresenta boa evolução prognóstica, índices de sobrevida satisfatórios e está menos associado a complicações pós-operatórias quando comparada à cirurgia, porém é inferior em níveis absolutos de correção da RM. É uma terapia que requer alto custo para adoção e ainda faltam estudos randomizados que reforcem suas indicações. Conclusão: A tecnologia é promissora, porém ainda permanece com indicações exclusivas para pacientes com risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo. Há falta de evidências de grande porte e de relatos expressivos de sua aplicação no contexto brasileiro. Entretanto, o RTVM com MitraClip aparenta ser uma boa alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico e uma opção de tratamento mais satisfatória e eficaz que a terapia medicamentosa isolada. A escolha desta terapia ainda deve ser individualizada de acordo com parâmetros clínicos e funcionais específicos e as particularidades socioeconômicas do paciente

Essential Oils as an Innovative Approach against Biofilm of Multidrug-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens that cause recurrent, chronic, and biofilm-related diseases. Biofilms are the major form of bacterial structures capable of secreting polysaccharides that provide intrinsic protection against environmental stress like high concentrations of antibiotics. This, along with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, has made S. aureus infections a worldwide problem as a result of the inefficiency of the conventional medications. Plant essential oils (EOs) are an important source for drug discovery and pharmaceutical development due to their diverse biological activities, such as antimicrobial agents. The EOs’ microbicide action is extensively reported at the scientific literature and frequently associated with bioactive molecules, such as aldehydes and terpenes. However, the ability of some EOs to inhibit biofilm formation has been poorly explored and it is still unclear how they could be applied in specific treatments against well-known infections. Therefore, this chapter will address virulence factors and biofilm formation of S. aureus, as well as bioprospecting of essential oil as a promising source in the search for new bioactive compounds employed in the fight against this microorganism

Generalidades sobre o quadro clínico da Rinossinusite: uma revisão narrativa de literatura: Generalities about the clinical picture of Rhinosinusitis: a narrative literature reviewv

A rinossinusite é um processo inflamatório da mucosa dos seios paranasais e da cavidade nasal. O sistema nasossinusal é responsável pelo balanço adequado entre a fabricação e o clearence de muco nas cavidades paranasais. A fisiologia deste é de vital importância para a proteção das vias aéreas superiores. No advém, determinados fatores podem acarretar um desbalanço nesse complexo, consequentemente um processo inflamatório. Qualquer fator que altere a drenagem, seja por obstrução, maior produção ou espessamento do muco, como processo infecciosos ou alérgicos, haverá uma impactação de secreções e a facilitação de colonização bacteriana, dando início ao processo infeccioso. A identificação da inflamação do nariz e seios paranasais é basicamente clínica. A suspeição desta ocorre através da manifestação de dois ou mais sintomatologias. As quais são o bloqueio ou obstrução nasal, a descarga nasal, pressão ou dor facial e redução ou perda do olfato. De modo geral, é essencial à prevenção básica das rinossinusites agudas é barrar a infecção viral. O suporte inclui medidas gerais de higiene, alimentação e hidratação, imunização para o combate de vírus respiratórios , administração de fármacos para turbinar o sistema imune se necessário

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data